Most parents, some earlier and some later, think about how correctly their children babble, and whether there is a deviation in the fact that their child is laconic, or pronounces sounds incorrectly, and perhaps changes letters in words. For the first time, your child needs to come to the children's clinic for an appointment with a doctor at the age of 2 years. And, despite the absence of any pathologies in speech development, the speech therapist at the preschool educational institution where you will take your child will help the development of competent and beautiful speech.
One-year-old babies begin to develop their speech apparatus, at that moment they speak their first coherent words and try to pronounce sentences. It is not always easy for parents to understand what words and sounds their child is trying to pronounce, whether he is doing it correctly, and how correctly his speech is being formed. Experts advise taking your child to a professional doctor for the first time when he or she is two years old. You can do this in any children's clinic, or go to a private doctor whose specialization is based on working with children.
Speech disturbances may then appear when the child reaches four to five years of age. At this time, children attend kindergarten, where they constantly talk to each other, adopting the conversational manners of their elders. All sorts of factors can influence errors in pronunciation, starting from the formation of an incorrect bite in a child and ending with his internal state and his elementary “I don’t want and won’t” speak sounds legibly. This is precisely why a professional with extensive practice and experience should work.
The role of a speech therapist in kindergarten
A specialized doctor must monitor the children and identify their speech defects.
It is quite easy for a speech development specialist in a preschool institution to do this, because... he watches the children, their habits, studies their behavior patterns, conducts personal conversations, and then sums up the correct development of the child’s speech.
But is there such a doctor everywhere and do his responsibilities include working with children who have no abnormalities?
The answer is clear. Everyone should have such a specialist, but, unfortunately, there are now layoffs everywhere. Firstly, he conducts separate classes with children who have been diagnosed with speech pathology (general speech underdevelopment, dyslalia, dysarthria), and the plans for the work of this specialist should include group developmental lessons:
- lexical and grammatical aspects of speech,
- phonemic representation,
- fine and articulatory motor skills,
- movement coordination,
- attention and memory.
When listing the tasks that a speech therapist must perform, the main ones can be noted: to identify children whose speech development is impaired, to correct these disorders and to prevent the occurrence of such disorders.
In many cases, a speech correction specialist in a kindergarten creates entire speech therapy groups, where he works with them all day. Groups are formed as prescribed by a doctor and only from the age of 5 years. All doctors begin to keep a “Speech Therapy Diary” and a “Schedule of Individual Work”, where they record information about the results of work with children. A professional works not only with the child in the kindergarten, but also gives instructions to both parents and educators, which they must carry out, helping children learn the language: correctly pronounce sounds, develop phrasal speech and general speech skills, and also expand their vocabulary.
By the end of training in such a group, preschool children should be able to:
- read meaningfully syllable by syllable;
- read not just words, but also complex texts and sentences;
- recognize and distinguish, both by ear and in pronunciation, all phonemes of the language;
- consciously control how one’s own and other people’s speech sounds;
- consistently pronounce sounds from a word;
- independently determine its sound elements.
Speech therapy classes
These are lessons on the development of the articulatory apparatus, they are implemented in the form of articulatory gymnastics. Achieving full movements and specific positions with the organs of the articulatory apparatus necessary for the correct reproduction of sounds is the main task set for this special gymnastics
Various exercises are also used:
- open your mouth wide - “hot”
- close your mouth - “cold”
- puff out our cheeks
- deflate our cheeks
3. Smile
We make a wide smile with open lips, while teeth are clenched
4. Dudochka
We strain our lips as much as possible and pull them forward (teeth clenched)
5. Alternate exercises:
First, a smile, then a pipe, we repeat these exercises several times.
6. Knead the dough
- Broad smile
- We put our tongue in the position between our lips and spank “five-five-five-five-five”
- bite the tip of the tongue with your teeth
perform these two exercises in turn
- in a smile, open your mouth
with the tip of the tongue (like the hand on a clock), we begin to move it one by one to the corners of the mouth
- close your mouth
- strain the tip of the tongue and rest it first on one cheek, then on the other
elastic balls appear on the outside of the cheeks
- smile and open your mouth
- we move the tip of the tongue one by one, first behind the upper teeth, then lower down
10. Delicious milk
- in a smile, open your mouth
- make the tongue as wide as possible in the shape of a “spoon” and lick the upper lip
11. Pony horse
- stretch out your lips
- open your mouth slightly and stretch out your lips
We are trying to use “narrow” language to make the sound of a horse’s hooves clicking.
Don't forget about developing motor skills
In the last century, the now famous Maria Montessori noted that there is a relationship between the development of small hand movements and children's speech. She came to the conclusion that if there are problems with speech, fine motor skills are definitely to blame. Later, biologists discovered that the centers of the human brain, which are responsible for finger movements and speech, are located extremely close. And, if we try to develop fine motor skills, we also activate nearby areas of the brain that are responsible for speech.
These are some examples of exercises for preschoolers:
1. pour water from a vessel with a narrow neck into a vessel with a wider neck (for children under 2 years old)
2. Using your fingers, demonstrate images of various objects and figures. For example, we put two palms on the edge, raise our thumbs up, and at the same time make wavy movements - a steamboat comes out, floating on the waves.
At the same time, you can recite the rhyme:
“The steamboat floats on the river, but it smokes like a stove”
3. Using fine motor skills, you can use mosaic games, sort buttons by color, and construction games. Such activities may be suitable for children over one year of age.
4. Teach your child to tear paper into pieces, it’s elementary, but you also need to learn this wisdom
A speech therapist is a correctional teacher who deals with speech disorders in children and adults. He not only “puts” sounds. This helps children develop attention, visual and auditory perception. The specialist prepares children with various disabilities and speech disorders for a full-fledged work and social life.
Why do children have speech development disorders?
In order for a little person to speak, two main things are needed: society and objective activity. There can be many reasons why a child does not speak or speaks incorrectly: from mental retardation, autism to functional immaturity.
Today, more than 40% of children have some kind of speech problem. This highest function of the child’s general psychophysiological development is improved in several stages according to temporary norms.
There are many books for teaching parents, preparing them for birth, education, and proper care of children. The main thing is to be very attentive to your kids during this period. You need to talk to the child to the extent that he needs for full development. The baby must be taught to listen to speech addressed to him from the very first day of life.
It is very important to detect certain violations as early as possible. For this purpose, there are preventive examinations with doctors. Usually, every children's clinic also has a speech therapist. This is a specialist who will help solve any problems related to the baby’s speech development.
Work of a specialist in a kindergarten
A speech therapist in a preschool educational institution is a teacher whose task is to eliminate certain children. The main goal of the teacher’s activity is to organize the correct education of children with disabilities. At the same time, each child needs an individual approach. There are a huge number of techniques that allow you to improve children's speech. The speech therapist teacher must decide how to work with a particular student.
Identification of the level of speech formation in preschool children
Speech is considered expressive if it is characterized by restraint, accuracy (correct depiction of the surrounding reality), logic, clarity, as well as correctness and purity. One of the principles of preschool education reflected in the Federal State Educational Standard is the implementation of the program in forms acceptable for children of this age group. Learning should take place, first of all, in the form of games, cognitive and research activities, and creative activity.
The set of tasks in all includes according to the Federal State Educational Standard: cognitive development, speech development, artistic and physical development.
All work on speech formation in preschool children takes place in three stages:
- Preparatory.
- Basic.
- Final.
Children are given exercises to develop diction, speech breathing, and motor skills. Poems and sketches are being learned. Singing is also of great importance. Each speech therapist also applies his own proven techniques. Children with minor speech impairments are prepared for school through special programs in kindergarten. In a regular secondary educational institution, a speech therapist can conduct correctional classes to correct diction.
Severe speech impairment
A special specialist works with children who have serious speech development disorders. Who is a speech pathologist? It is the activity of this doctor that is aimed at solving the problems that have arisen in the baby. Severe speech disorders include:
- alalia;
- aphasia;
- some severe forms of stuttering.
Children with serious disabilities are cared for by specialists in medical institutions at their place of residence.
Let's consider one of the most complex diseases. Alalia is a lesion of the central nervous system during fetal development. Most often, a neoplasm is found in the cerebral cortex, but not always. In ontogenesis, at the first stage, the child begins to buzz. This is a biological phenomenon characterized by the merging of sounds.
Babbling is the next stage in the formation of speech. Buzzing is common to all newborns, even if the child has no hearing or vision. Babbling is observed only if the baby has a social-communicative environment. Nationality can be determined by babbling; it has the intonation, rhythm and sounds inherent in a given language. The babbling chains are uniform and very long. As the child develops, babbling develops into understandable speech. Consonants appear, prototypes of words, then phrases.
If the baby does not make sounds for several months, you should consult a doctor. First of all, a speech therapist examines the baby. It is necessary! After all, this is the only way to identify a serious illness. The absence of babbling and humming may indicate the development of alalia.
How should speech develop correctly?
By the age of one year, a child should have phrases in his speech, and by two years, sentences. By the age of three, most children are already able to clearly express their thoughts and desires. If at this age the baby is silent, there is no need to panic. A speech therapist can determine what the problem is. This may just be a developmental feature of a particular person. However, the problem should not be left unattended.
A delay in speech will certainly be observed if the baby experiences a lack of communication. This problem is often observed in children who are brought up in a country. An important factor is also the psychological situation. Children whose parents are going through divorce proceedings often speak poorly. In any case, only a speech therapist can identify the cause of developmental deviations. Who else will do this if not an experienced specialist?
What does a speech therapist do at school?
As a rule, all the children who come to study in the first grade of a general education institution can already speak quite well. However, some babies still have some problems. Children may not be able to pronounce certain sounds and may “swallow” the endings of words. Such children subsequently develop problems with reading and writing and develop psychological complexes. By the time their children reach school age, parents already know who a speech therapist is and what he does in an educational institution.
The main tasks of a school teacher are the correction of reading and writing defects. Additionally, the following actions are performed:
- pronunciation correction;
- speech hearing correction;
- learning word formation skills;
- development of grammatical speech.
The development of psychological processes is also of great importance. This includes attention, memory, thinking. The child must not only speak, but also think correctly. A school speech therapist can also influence the formation of basic learning skills. This is, first of all, the ability to listen carefully to the teacher, correctly evaluate the result of one’s own work, and solve assigned problems.
Aquatherapy in speech therapy
What does a speech therapist do in a preschool educational institution or educational institution? The specialist promotes the correct development of children’s speech. For this, both time-tested and new techniques can be used. A number of studies have been conducted that have shown that water has a positive effect on the development of speech and motor skills in children. Therefore, today aquatherapy is widely used in speech therapy. In their work, specialists take into account the age and psychological characteristics of children. Speech therapists do not forget about basic hygiene rules.
Playing with water contributes to the development of sound perception and increases vitality. Thus, kids not only learn to speak correctly, but also strengthen their immunity. In kindergartens, group classes are most often held. In clinics, speech therapists work with young patients on an individual basis.
Children really like playing with water. The most popular activities in children's institutions are:
- “Warm? Cold?";
- “Squeeze the sponge”;
- “Recognize the letter by touch”;
- "Move the crab."
Classes are also conducted using a special plastic container. In most cases, water at room temperature is used.
Exercises at home
If a child has speech problems, you cannot do without an experienced specialist. Only a qualified doctor will be able to identify the causes of the disease and help eliminate them. However, the work of parents at home is of great importance. The main cure is simple human communication. You need to talk to your child about everything, comment on all actions. In addition, the baby must communicate closely with his peers. Do not neglect daily walks on the playground.
Excellent for children's speech development. At home, you and your baby can sort out buckwheat and make appliqués using beads and seed beads. Drawing is another activity whose benefits are difficult to overestimate. Children who love to draw develop well in all respects.
Summarize
If you notice any problems in your child’s speech development, you should immediately contact a speech therapist. The earlier the disease can be identified, the greater the chances of a successful outcome. A qualified speech pathologist will be able to find an approach to any child. And parents, in turn, should not neglect homework.
The article is intended for parents of preschool children. It reveals the goals of speech therapy work in a kindergarten. A brief description of the main speech disorders in children, types of correctional classes and their duration is presented.
Download:
Preview:
Features of the work of a speech therapist in kindergarten
In modern preschool institutions, not only educators, but also teachers of various specialties work with children. One of the specialists is a speech therapist. Parents often believe that a speech therapist only works with children who do not pronounce or pronounce individual sounds incorrectly. But this is only one aspect of speech therapy. The main goal of correctional work carried out by speech therapists is the development of the child’s speech as a whole, namely: the development of articulatory motor skills, the development of physical and speech hearing, the accumulation and activation of vocabulary, work on the grammatical structure of speech, training in word formation and inflection skills, the development of coherent speech, the formation of skills sound-letter analysis, and, of course, pronunciation correction.
Different children need speech therapy for different reasons. It depends on the nature of the speech impairment. If a 5-6 year old child pronounces certain sounds incorrectly, as a rule,[l] or [r], There is no special tragedy in this - now. But later... Will his parents be able to guarantee that such a deviation from the norm will not interfere with him in adolescence or older age? And relearning is many times more difficult. If a child pronounces certain sounds incorrectly and, in addition, has impaired phonemic (speech) hearing, which does not allow him to clearly distinguish the sounds of his native language, this can lead to reading (dyslexia) and writing (dysgraphia) impairments at school. You can let everything take its course, ensuring the child has poor performance in the Russian language, stress, etc., or you can try going to a speech therapist with a preschooler, rather than having problems with the schoolchild later.
It is known that all functions of the central nervous system are best trained and educated during the period of their natural formation. If unfavorable conditions are created at this time, then the development of functions is delayed, and at a later age the lag is compensated with difficulty and not completely. For speech, such a “critical” period of development is the first three years of a child’s life: by this period, the anatomical maturation of the speech areas of the brain basically ends, the child masters the main grammatical forms of his native language, and accumulates a large vocabulary. If in the first three years the baby’s speech was not given due attention, then in the future it will take a lot of effort to catch up. That is why systematic correctional classes are conducted in kindergartens with children starting from 3-4 years of age.
There are two types of speech therapy classes: frontal (with a group of children) and individual. The optimal number of children in a frontal lesson is 5-6 people, children of the same age and with the same type of impairment, since speech therapy work is based on the defect and age of the child.
There are three main types of speech disorders in preschoolers: impaired pronunciation of individual sounds, or dyslalia, - mild form, FFN - phonetic-phonemic disorders(pronunciation and speech hearing are impaired), ONR - general speech underdevelopment(the entire speech system is disrupted: pronunciation, phonemic hearing, syllable structure, grammar, coherent speech). General underdevelopment of speech has four levels - from silence and speech at the level of a one-year-old child to the manifestation of elements of OHP (impaired phonemic hearing and syllabic structure of speech).
For children with dyslalia, 1-2 times a week individual lessons with a speech therapist on the development of articulatory motor skills, production and automation of sounds, and homework are sufficient. Classes can last from 3 to 9 months.
Children with FFN can attend individual classes 2-3 times a week or combine frontal classes with individual ones. Classes can last 6-9 months.
For children with special needs, individual lessons alone are not enough; a combination of frontal and individual lessons 3-4 times a week is more effective. In individual lessons, work is carried out mainly on correcting sound pronunciation, and also positions are practiced that the child cannot do individually in frontal lessons. The main objectives of frontal classes are, firstly, the accumulation of vocabulary and the development of the lexical and grammatical structure of speech; secondly, the development of phonemic hearing and the syllabic structure of words; thirdly, the prevention of dysgraphia and dyslexia and, fourthly, the development of coherent speech. Along the way, the speech therapist develops the emotional-volitional sphere and all mental processes. Duration of classes is 1-2 years.
The correct development of a child’s speech largely depends on the attention and care of the family. Dyslalia, FFN or OHP - all these disorders can be completely overcome or a significant improvement in speech can be achieved, but for this you need to help the child persistently, with love and faith in success!
For many decades in our country, there have been separative trends in the education and upbringing of children with developmental disabilities, including preschoolers with speech developmental disabilities. Groups and kindergartens were opened for children with various speech disorders (some of them are designed for round-the-clock attendance).
Recently, more and more children with speech impairments do not attend specialized groups or preschool educational institutions, remaining in general education groups together with peers who do not have speech impairments. There are several reasons for this situation:
Objective reasons:
- limited number of places in specialized groups and preschool educational institutions,
- the distance of specialized preschool educational institutions from the child’s place of residence,
- an enterprise that has “its own” preschool educational institutions does not compensate for the maintenance of a child in “other people’s” kindergartens.
Subjective reasons:
- parents’ reluctance to transfer their child to another preschool or group, to part with their favorite teachers and peers,
- parents’ fear of a stressful situation for their child, which inevitably arises when changing the children’s team.
Let us dwell on the features of the work of a speech therapist at a speech center in a preschool educational institution.
The first feature is the speech therapist's control over the speech development of all children in preschool educational institutions from the moment of admission to the preschool educational institution until graduation from school, which leads to the timely detection of speech disorders and their effective correction, taking into account sensitive periods.
When children enter the nursery group, the speech therapist gets acquainted with the medical documentation for each child, paying special attention to the presence of unfavorable factors that can lead to speech disorders, and identifies children at risk. The speech therapist conducts systematic observation of these children, advises educators and parents on the development of the children’s psychological basis for speech and speech itself. If necessary, the speech therapist refers such children to various specialists (audiologist, speech pathologist, typhoidologist, psychiatrist, neurologist, otolaryngologist, orthodontist, etc.)
A separate group consists of children in the nursery group who have disorders of their analytical systems and “non-speaking” children. With such children, the speech therapist begins classes on the development and correction of the psychological basis of speech, on speech development, and gives detailed recommendations to educators and parents.
If a child enters a preschool educational institution at the age of 3 years, then soon after the child begins attending the preschool educational institution, a speech therapist examines his speech, and, if necessary, develops an individual correction route and gives recommendations to parents and educators.
At the age of 4–5 years, all children attending preschool educational institutions are examined by a speech therapist, identifies existing speech disorders, develops and implements an individual correction route.
Other feature – admission of children to the speech therapy center and their graduation takes place throughout the entire school year, so it is not possible for us to allocate clearly established periods for examining children’s speech (as when selecting children for a speech therapy group).
Third feature – all children with speech impairments attend regular groups and learn a general developmental program. Additionally, in the first half of the day, all of them study with a speech therapist (the frequency of classes depends on the specifics of the speech disorder), and in the second half of the day, a teacher works with them on the instructions of the speech therapist.
According to the decision of the board of the Moscow Committee of Education dated April 24, 2000 No. 6/2, a speech therapy center can be opened in any preschool institution, provided that there are 10 groups of children aged 3 to 7 years in it or the departments attached to it.
It becomes an integral part of the upbringing and development of children. Everything is connected with the fact that recently there are more and more “silent” children who start talking too late, or speak, but in a childish dialect that only they understand. Einstein spoke at the age of 5, but in this case it is excusable - at a discount for genius. In today's modern society, where early developmental programs are held in high esteem, such silence is completely unnecessary, and parents, as a rule, are wary. A speech therapist in kindergarten will CORRECTLY help you master the basics of your native speech.
A speech therapist in a kindergarten works not only with preschool children who cannot pronounce the letter “r”, swallow sounds, rearrange them (and what kind of tricks children do with the rich Russian language), but also conducts classes in a regular, general developmental group - to prevent the occurrence of similar problems.
Pupils who need separate consultations are identified by the speech therapist in kindergarten himself - based on the results of an examination at the beginning and end of the school year. To optimize work, children of the same age group and with similar speech impairments can be combined into subgroups of up to 7 people or mini-groups of up to 3 people. The duration of classes ranges from 10 to 35 minutes, depending on the size of the group.
Of the 20 hours of a speech therapist’s weekly workload in a preschool institution, about 5 hours are allocated to organizational and methodological work. Filling out the appropriate documentation is one of the links in this work; the documentation reflects information on each of the students, lesson plans, and their effectiveness.
Documentation may vary depending on the institution. Here is the complete list:
- individual examination card for each pupil,
- protocol for examining children's speech,
- list of children in need of speech therapy help,
- notebook for individual lessons with a child,
- long-term work plan,
- long-term plan for subgroup lessons,
- children's movement log,
- journal of teacher consultations,
- journal of speech therapy sessions,
- office work schedule,
- speech therapy office passport,
- cyclogram of working time distribution,
- plan for advisory and methodological work with the teaching staff of the kindergarten,
- card index of literature available in the speech therapist’s office,
- report on the effectiveness of the work performed.
