Winter time
in spring: Change from "normal" to daylight saving time
autumn: Transition from daylight saving time to "normal" time
Regions where Daylight Saving Time applies regions where daylight saving time has never occurred regions where the transition was canceled
Summer time- time shifted 1 hour forward relative to the time accepted in a given time zone. Sometimes normal standard time is called “winter time,” but this term is not correct.
Daylight saving time is introduced in many countries in the summer in order to save electricity for lighting.
Story
Benjamin Franklin was the first to raise the issue of hand translation during his stay in France. As ambassador to France, Franklin noticed that Parisians went to bed at sunset and got up at dawn. The scientist considered this custom worthy of imitation, and called for people to follow this example in his “Parisian pamphlets.” According to an American scientist, living according to daylight hours makes a person “healthier, richer and smarter.”
A Briton, William Willitt, was able to draw public attention to the issue of switching hands. He proposed to “save” daytime time by moving the hands by 80 minutes twice a year. This was supposed to save candles and allow us to work more efficiently in the summer. However, the British government year after year rejected Willett's proposal due to unproven economic benefits. William Willett - died in 1915, one year before his idea was realized.
For the first time, summer time was introduced in Germany in the year.
In Russia, the transition to summer time was first implemented in July 1917 and was in effect until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead relative to standard time. This time was called “maternity leave”, as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 16, 1930. Additionally, since 1981, summer time began to be regularly introduced in the USSR. In March 1991, maternity time and standard time were abolished in Russia, but in November of the same year, both maternity time and summer time were reintroduced.
Currently, 76 countries use one form or another of summer time (of which 10 countries do not use it in all regions) and 128 countries do not. In the northern hemisphere, summer time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, Chile. Countries near the equator do not use summer time. Japan, China, Singapore, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, and Kazakhstan also refused to introduce it.
In Russia and Europe, the transition to summer time is carried out on the last Sunday of March at 2:00 by moving the clock hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the last Sunday of October at 3:00 by moving the hands 1 hour back.
Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours relative to standard time. The 2-hour shift is caused by the fact that in Russia there is so-called “maternity time”, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to maternity time, for a total of +2 hours relative to standard time.
Feasibility
Changing clocks to daylight saving time is not advisable at all latitudes. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5°), the seasons are slightly pronounced, and the length of daylight hours remains virtually unchanged throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33°) there is another phenomenon - the polar day (lasting almost the entire summer period), and the polar night (lasting the entire winter period).
In fact, the effective switching zone lies within latitudes from 30° to 55°.
In cities, switching switches is not very effective - since most offices, shops, educational institutions and industries use lighting throughout the working day. This is due to the large area of the premises and the relatively small surface of the windows, which leads to the need for constant lighting.
The greatest effect can be achieved in rural areas - but there usually is a flexible work schedule tied to daylight hours.
Criticism
Critics of daylight saving time say the negative impact of changing clocks on people's health and point out that the economic benefits of daylight saving time have not been proven. Scientists from California found that electricity consumption in the US state of Indiana decreased by only 1-3% after switching to daylight saving time. Overall, in the United States, energy savings are only 1% according to estimates from the 1970s, and in the Russian Federation 0.5%. According to some data (published in Der Spiegel), the transition to summer time not only does not reduce, but even increases electricity consumption by 1-4%.
According to research results of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, the transition period negatively affects human health:
- The number of heart attacks increases by 1.5 times.
- Suicide rates increase by 66%.
- The number of ambulance calls is noticeably increasing.
...research conducted by the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade showed that the energy savings achieved by changing the clock hands in the spring were insignificant and, as a rule, were spent in the fall, when returning to “winter” time.
The studies also show that the use of the “summer” and “winter” time regime definitely affects the social factor, leading to an increase in the level of morbidity among the population, an increase in road accidents, an increase in industrial injuries, etc. A sociological survey conducted by the National Center problems of creating a healthy lifestyle of the Ministry of Health throughout Kazakhstan indicates that a significant part of the population (51.6 percent) reacts negatively to the time change. According to respondents, their health worsens; during these periods they most often suffer from insomnia and drowsiness. Many of the respondents experienced increased blood pressure and irritability.
Serious problems in transport, in particular on railways, are regularly noted when changing the clock hands.
Despite the fact that many modern operating systems (including MS Windows) are equipped with automatic transition to winter-summer time, in some cases such transitions cause problems for computer users - for example, if the computer has several operating systems. In older operating systems, which are still used for various reasons, automatic time change was not provided at all. Less intelligent equipment than computers: electronic watches, video recorders, digital photo and video cameras, etc. are not equipped with an automatic time switch, and the translation there has to be done manually.
Disputes about the advisability of switching to daylight saving time have been ongoing for several decades in the EU countries, the USA and Russia.
According to rough estimates made by RAO UES (which ceased to exist on July 1, 2008), switching the switches allows saving about 4.4 billion kilowatt-hours annually. If we divide this amount by the entire population of Russia (which is about 141 million people), then each Russian will save 31 kWh per year, that is, in terms of tariffs of energy companies (1.85 rubles / kWh) - almost 60 rubles per year or 5 rubles per month. And all together - 8 billion 140 million rubles. According to some scientists, the total losses from time transfer exceed the savings. Another argument against daylight saving time is that lighting is not the main consumer of electricity in the modern world.
In addition, north of the 50th parallel, daylight saving time does not make sense at all to save on lighting, since in the summer in northern latitudes the length of the day itself is very long.
Notes
Links
- Map of countries adopting daylight saving time and transition dates
- On the negative impact of summer time on people’s health and the economic situation in the country
- Graphic representation of time zones and daylight saving time
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what “Winter time” is in other dictionaries:
Switching to "winter" time- on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out on the last Sunday in October at 3:00 local time by moving the clock back one hour. For the first time, moving the clock hands forward an hour in summer and an hour back in winter in order to save energy... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Changing clocks to "winter time"- The transition to winter time on the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out on the last Sunday of October and at 3:00 Moscow time by moving the clock back one hour. The country's main clock, the Chimes on Spasskaya, will be the first to switch to winter time... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Switching to "winter" time: economic pros and medical cons- On October 28 at 3 o'clock (local time) Russia will switch to winter time. Moving clocks forward an hour in the summer and an hour back in the winter in order to save energy resources was first carried out in Great Britain in 1908. Idea … Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
Increased cost of work in winter.- 11. Increase in cost of work in winter. The costs of increasing the cost of work performed in winter are determined according to the Collection of estimated norms for additional costs when carrying out construction and installation work in winter title= Collection of estimated norms... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
As far as historians know, the idea to change clocks to daylight saving time originally belonged to the American Benjamin Franklin // Photo: low.onvacations.co
Benjamin Franklin outlined his thoughts in an essay entitled “The Economical Project,” which was published in 1784. In it, the politician wrote that only France could save almost one hundred million livres on candles, provided that it changes the clocks in the spring. For those who flatly refused to get up early, Franklin proposed introducing a special tax, and identifying violators by lowered blinds during daylight hours. Another of his initiatives was the introduction of a norm of candles per family. However, he did not deny that moving the clock hands would cause certain inconveniences. But what do they mean in comparison with such savings?
“It will be difficult in the first few days, but then the new regime will become natural and easy. If you force a person to get up at four in the morning, then most likely he will want to sleep by eight in the evening." Benjamin Franklin noted in his essay.
Britannia
At the end of the 18th century, Franklin's ideas did not find their supporters. It is unknown whether he was impressed by an essay by an American politician, or inspired by his own thoughts, but in 1905, the British William Willett expressed exactly the same initiative. Willett also argued the need to move the clock hands on economic grounds. He also tried to convey his thoughts to the people, but not in the form of an essay, but in the form of an article called “On Wasting Daylight.”According to Willett's initiative, the clocks in every British home should be set back twenty minutes throughout the month of April. The innovator assumed that this would not be difficult for the British, since they already wind their watches every week. And twenty minutes will not bring any inconvenience to the population. It was proposed to move the arrows back in October. William Willett was convinced that with the help of these simple manipulations, the inhabitants of Foggy Albion would receive over two hundred hours of daylight and save an incredible amount of electricity.
It took a long time and an incredible amount of debate to approve summer and winter time in Britain // Photo: dvecher.com
Willett was very active in promoting his initiative. The authorities also appreciated it, but it took a lot of time and an incredible amount of debate to approve the clock change. Farmers, bankers and astronomers opposed changing the clocks. It is noteworthy that Britain began changing its clocks in 1916 after the innovation appeared in Germany. William Willett did not live to see this moment.
USSR
Russians were introduced to the concept of summer and winter time in 1917. After the first clock change, the authorities considered this initiative a failure, but returned to it in 1931. At the same time, maternity time was introduced. It was sixty minutes ahead of the belt speed. In the early eighties of the last century, daylight saving time was added to maternity time. The Russians have been turning the switches for two decades. In 2011, it was decided to abandon summer and winter time. The Russian Federation did not change its clocks, remaining on daylight saving time. Three years later, a number of regions switched to permanent winter time due to the inconvenience created.
Where do the clocks change?
At the moment, the transition to winter and summer time is carried out in most countries of the European Union, in the USA, in the CIS countries, except Belarus, in a number of African countries such as Tunisia, Namibia and Egypt, as well as in Australia, but not everywhere. In Latin America, clock hands are moved in Cuba, Mexico and Honduras. 
Nowadays, clock hands are moved in many countries around the world. But at the same time, a considerable number of states have abandoned this practice // Photo: shkolazhizni.ru
Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and China abandoned winter and summer time quite a long time ago. They don't change the clocks in Iceland. But not because they consider it inappropriate, but because in this country time coincides with Greenwich, lagging behind by only one hour in the summer.
Victor Lavrus
Daylight saving time switches to the last Sunday in March (in 2004 - March 28 at 3:00 am).
The transition to winter time takes place on the last Sunday of October (in 2004 - October 31 at 4:00 am).
A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of summer and winter time, which is now used in many countries around the world, originates. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are moved forward an hour, and in the fall they are set again to standard time.
The Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming proposed dividing the entire Earth into time zones of 15 degrees each, and taking the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero zone - as the zero line. Inside the zone, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border the hands are moved forward or backward an hour. In 1883 Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. There were also representatives from Russia at the conference. I didn’t like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pound: any change seemed to be a “shock to the foundations” and an impetus to “popular fermentation.”
After the October Revolution, on February 8, 1918, the zone division was introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars “in order to establish a uniform calculation of time during the day with the entire civilized world, stipulating the same clock readings in minutes and seconds throughout the entire globe and significantly simplifying registration of relationships between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.”
By government decree of June 16, 1930. The hands of all clocks in the Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. Maternity time was created, the introduction of which made it possible to save energy. The duration of maternity time was set “until repealed” (lasted until 1981).
By resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the clock hands were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were moved back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place again.
In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The two-hour advance lead was abolished. We have switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, clocks are moved forward 1 hour. This is the brief history of changes in time counting.
We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. based on the arithmetic average of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).
Rice. 1. Changes in light and dark times of day throughout the year
Figure 1 shows the change in light and dark times of day throughout the year for latitude 50° (latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped below the horizon by 6°. In the evenings, the city streets should be lit by this time. The graph shows solar true time (true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and is at its highest).
The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the waking time of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Since March, he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and spend less electricity on lighting.
Returning to winter time in October does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem justified.
From the point of view of common sense, it is rational to return to maternity time, abandon the annual change of clocks and live with a constant reference, which will differ by one hour in comparison with standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is most favorable for humans.
Bibliography
Demidov V.E. Time treasured like a treasure. In search of the absolute. NiT, 1999.
Lavrus V.S. Light and warmth. NiT, 1998.
Blinov N. Do we need winter and summer time? "Science and Life", No. 1, 1992.
Website.
Easter - when will it be in 2020:
Easter, also called the Holy Resurrection of Christ, is the most important event of the 2020 church calendar.
The date of Easter is moveable because it is calculated according to the lunisolar calendar. Every year, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ is celebrated on the first Sunday after the full moon following the vernal equinox. For Catholics and Orthodox Christians, the dates of celebration usually differ, since in Orthodoxy the calculation is carried out in accordance with the Julian calendar.
Easter 2020 will be celebrated in the Orthodox Church April 19, 2020, and for Catholics a week earlier - April 12, 2020.
Dates for Orthodox and Catholic Easter in 2020:
* April 19, 2020 - for Orthodox believers.
* April 12, 2020 - for Catholics.
Description of the holiday and traditions of the meeting:
Easter was established in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and is the oldest and most important holiday among Christians. Officially celebrating Easter began in the second century AD.In both Orthodoxy and Catholicism, Easter always falls on Sunday.
Easter 2020 is preceded by Lent, which begins 48 days before the Holy Day. And after 50 days they celebrate Trinity.
Popular pre-Christian customs that have survived to this day include dyeing eggs, making Easter cakes and curd Easter cakes.
Easter treats are blessed in the church on Saturday, the eve of Easter 2020, or after the service on the day of the Holiday itself.
We should greet each other on Easter with the words “Christ is Risen,” and respond with “Truly He is Risen.”
This will be the fourth game for the Russian team in this qualifying tournament. Let us remind you that in the previous three meetings, Russia “at the start” lost to Belgium with a score of 1:3, and then won two dry victories - over Kazakhstan (4:0) and over San Marino (9:0). The last victory was the largest in the entire existence of the Russian football team.
As for the upcoming meeting, according to bookmakers, the Russian team is the favorite in it. The Cypriots are objectively weaker than the Russians, and the islanders cannot expect anything good from the upcoming match. However, we must take into account that the teams have never met before, and therefore unpleasant surprises may await us.
The Russia-Cyprus meeting will take place on June 11, 2019 In Nizhniy Novgorod at the stadium of the same name, built for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Start of the match - 21:45 Moscow time.
Where and what time do the national teams of Russia and Cyprus play:
* Venue of the match - Russia, Nizhny Novgorod.
* Game start time is 21:45 Moscow time.
Where to watch the live broadcast Russia - Cyprus on June 11, 2019:
Channels will show the meeting between the national teams of Russia and Cyprus live "First" and "Match Premier"
. The start time of the live broadcast from Nizhny Novgorod is 21:35 Moscow time.
In this meeting Russia's victory is absolutely expected.
The dwarf team of San Marino is the outsider of the group. The bookmakers are not expecting anything extraordinary from the Sanmarinians in the upcoming game, offering bets on their victory with odds of 100-185, against a bet on the victory of the Russian national team of 1.01.
Over the past 12 years, the Russian team has met with opponents of such a low level three times, and won three confident dry victories. The Russians defeated the Andorran team twice with scores of 6:0 and 4:0, and once the Liechtenstein team (4:0). By the way, the Russian football team won the biggest victory in the history of its existence over San Marino on June 7, 1995 with a score of 7:0.
The qualifying match for the 2020 FIFA World Cup Russia - San Marino will begin on June 8, 2019 at 19:00 Moscow time. The meeting will be shown live "Channel One" and "Match Premier".
What time does the EURO 2020 qualifying match Russia - San Marino start on June 8, 2019, where to watch:
* Start time - 19:00 Moscow time.
* Channels: “First” and “Match Premier”.
