There are a huge number in the world. Which gemstone is considered the most beautiful? Skin absorbs water

Our fears
There are a huge number of phobias in the world. Many great men have suffered some form of these diseases. For example, Peter the Great was subject to "acarophobia" (fear of insects) and "special phobia" (fear of empty spaces). Napoleon suffered from "hyppophobia" (fear of horses) and "leukophobia" (fear of white). There were never white horses in his stables. Gogol from his youth suffered from tatephobia (fear of being buried alive). This fear was so excruciating that he repeatedly gave a written order to bury him only when signs of obvious decomposition appeared. In addition, from the age of thirty, Gogol suffered from pathophobia - the fear of the diverse.

The term "phobia" comes from the Greek "phobos" - fear, horror. Phobia - obsessive fears. There is a significant difference between a simple fear and an obsessive one: with a phobia, a person, as a rule, understands that his fear is not caused by anything and even meaningless, but at the same time he does not stop being afraid. Almost everyone is prone to having obsessive fears. Therefore, phobias are quite common. And there are a lot of varieties. People are afraid of spiders and snakes, heights and public transport, open or closed space. There is even such a species as "phobophobia" - the fear of acquiring some kind of phobia.

Phobias are divided into 3 types: simple, social and agoraphobia. People with simple phobias experience a mortal fear of a particular object, place, or situation. Social phobia is when people avoid situations where there are a lot of people, such as parties, because they are afraid to do something in order not to compromise themselves. And agoraphobic sufferers are victims of a complex phenomenon based on the fear of unfamiliar places.

Signs of a phobia include regular avoidance of a situation in which a feeling of fear arises, and the onset of panic attacks. They are easy to recognize by the following features:

feeling of suffocation, spasms in the throat;

palpitations ("heart jumps out of the chest");

vomiting or upset stomach;

the body seems "not its own", ceases to obey;

the feeling of going crazy.

If there are at least four of these signs, the presence of a phobia can be assumed.

Phobias, are they inherent in teenagers? Of course yes! Teenage phobias based on the feeling of "I am the environment." Again, the occurrence of such phobias does not depend on age, although adolescents suffer from them more often. These are "thanatophobia" (fear of death), which is absent in children (who do not yet understand the value of life), and space phobias (agora- and claustrophobia), and "nosophobia" (fear of getting sick with something).

Acousticophobia - fear of loud sounds

Algophobia, algophobia - fear of pain

Amatophobia - fear of dust

Apiphobia - fear of bees, wasps, bumblebees

Arachnophobia - fear of spiders

Aritmophobia (also numerophobia) - phobia of a number (certain)

Batrachophobia (bufonophobia) - fear of frogs and toads

Bogiphobia (phasmophobia) - fear of ghosts, spirits, devils, scarecrows

Brontophobia (keraunophobia) - fear of thunder, thunder, lightning, storm

Venetophobia - the fear of contracting a sexually transmitted disease

Hexakosiohexekontahexaphobia - fear of the number 666

Hemophobia is the fear of blood. That is, when a person sees blood, he may either faint or start screaming.

Glossophobia - fear of public speaking

Zoophobia is the fear of animals, most often of a particular species (cats, chickens, etc.)

Claustrophobia - fear of closed spaces

Maleusiophobia (also tocophobia) - fear of childbirth

Electrophobia - fear of electricity

There is no single answer to the question of what is the most beautiful gemstone. There are a huge number of natural and extraterrestrial mineral formations in the world, which, due to their rarity and beauty, deserve to be considered the most beautiful and expensive.

How the cost is determined

Precious stones from ancient times are a symbol of wealth, luxury and power. Their high cost is formed due to a rare combination of mineral components, non-proliferation and special sizes. The less this stone can be found in the world, the higher its price will be. If a rare mineral was found in a particularly large size, then its value will be sky-high.

Large and rare minerals are hunted all over the world. Most collectors are willing to pay a fortune to own one of these stones. Owners of rare minerals who want to sell them make their sales in a narrow circle at special auctions where incognito collectors gather. Therefore, even semi-precious stones of large sizes at such auctions go for significant amounts.

The weight of stones is usually measured in carats. This is a generally accepted unit of measurement for all existing minerals on the planet. The more carats in a stone, the higher its value. Same with precious metals. The cost of the stone can be attributed to its purity and transparency. That is, the less inclusions of other rocks and various impurities, the more valuable such a stone becomes.

There are many different gemstones that have their own special history. Most often, the larger and more expensive the stone, the more bloody trail trails behind it.

Kings and rulers fought for the right to own great precious stones in ancient times. Each country where kings and monarchs once ruled has its own relics in the form of crowns and other attributes of power, inlaid with famous stones. Each found stone of especially large sizes becomes famous and acquires its own unique history.

Usually, a precious stone is valued for its size, so they are rarely crushed and even cut. Large minerals try to keep in their natural form. But some can be processed to give them a more noble look so that they can be inserted into one of the owner's precious things.

Varieties of minerals

In addition to the well-known and common diamonds and diamonds, there are many more unique and interesting gemstones. These include:

1. Rubies.
2. Sapphires.

The category of semi-precious stones should also be highlighted. They are inferior in their significance and value to the above, since they are found a little more often in nature. But if one of the crystals representing this group is found especially large and in pure form, its value is very high. Many of these semi-precious minerals compete in beauty and price with more well-known minerals.

The group of semi-precious stones, which have representatives with a well-known and rather famous history, includes:

1. Opals.
2. Grenades.
3. Jades.
4. Topazes.
5. Tourmalines.
6. Aquamarines.

The category of semi-precious minerals includes many representatives. The stones highlighted in the list had very bright and extraordinary representatives throughout the history of mankind, who were honored to decorate royal relics and stand next to more expensive stones.

Unique representatives of minerals

The list of well-known and famous stones is quite large. They periodically appear and disappear. When another deposit of precious and semi-precious minerals is discovered, a new star will surely flare up.

One of the representatives of diamonds was considered very famous at one time. Its name is known all over the world - it's Cullinan. It reached large sizes, and its weight was more than 3000 carats. The stone was distinguished by its unique purity and transparency. It was subsequently divided into two parts and created the famous diamonds.

The largest diamond of these resulting pieces was inserted into the scepter of the Queen of England - the Great Star of Africa, and another, slightly smaller, earned an honorary place in the crown of the British kingdom.

Another beautiful and quite rare diamond is the Diamond Red Shield. This is a unique red diamond, which is small in size and weight, but worth almost $10 million. The most expensive and largest among diamonds is considered to be "Century". It costs about 100 million.

Among the sapphires, one can single out Kashmir. The heaviest of them weighed about 42 kg. But the main parameter of price and beauty is its deep blue color without inclusions and impurities. Sapphires also have a valuable star color. They are very rare. The most famous is the Lone Star.

The largest sapphire weighed 61,000 carats before being cut. After processing, he was given the name "Millennium". The main value and beauty of the mineral is not in color and purity, but in processing, as images of many prominent personalities were engraved on its surface.

Representatives of precious minerals emeralds are quite rare in nature, so they are valued on a par with diamonds. Transparent green minerals are rare. The most valuable emeralds have a rich green gamut. The largest mineral weighed 11.5 kg. It was called "God's Gift".

Another precious mineral is ruby. Its significance depends not so much on size, but on the presence of flaws, purity and saturation of color. The name of the largest ruby ​​\u200b\u200bis "Raja ratna", or "King of Gems". The ideal ruby ​​is bright scarlet or purplish red.

The crown of King Wenceslas of Prague is adorned with the famous rubies. Moreover, due to their quality and color, they cost much more than diamonds with the same weight.

The famous aquamarine of Brazilian origin - "Don Pedro" - has a weight of up to 2 kg. It is kept in Washington. Pure, unique in its beauty, the famous tourmaline competes in value with diamonds. It has the longest name - "Divine Ethereal Caroline".

Among the rare garnets, blue can be distinguished. It was discovered only a few decades ago, but for one carat they offer almost $ 2,000. This type of garnet is valued for its unusual blue-green hues and the purity of the crystal itself.

A representative of rare opals is considered to be a black type of crystal. It is found in Australia and Brazil. But it is very rare in the world. The range of colors of such an opal can be from pale gray to deep black.

The beautiful alexandrite stone already attracts with its name. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it easily changes its color scheme. In daylight, it may have green-bluish tones, becoming darker with rich green hues. Under artificial lighting, it can be a delicate raspberry-pink hue, bright purple or violet. For the first time this kind of crystal was found in Russia 2 centuries ago.

A rather interesting semi-precious crystal is jadeite. It is considered the most mysterious mineral on the planet. Its main color is green. A mineral is valuable if it is free of inclusions and has a uniform structure. Good quality jade in the precious metals and stones market can cost from $20,000 per carat. Which gem is the most beautiful, everyone chooses for himself.

There are many interesting and unusually attractive crystals in the world, therefore, taking into account the tastes and values ​​​​of each person, it can be argued that all minerals are beautiful and unusual.

Which inquisitive travelers can study all their lives. But there are other places that are by no means recommended to visit even by the most courageous thrill-seekers. Especially do not go to the dangerous cities of South Africa, Mexico and Colombia.

Bloody wars of drug cartels, political turmoil, mass violence and terrorist activities in these places can make your vacation not only unforgettable, but in general - the last in your life ... In this rating, we will tell you about the 15 most dangerous cities on the planet, where the life of any adventurer is constantly hanging by a thread.

1. Cali, Colombia - home to drug cartels

Cali is the most dangerous city in Colombia. It is not dominated by official authorities, but by criminal groups such as the Cali cartel, the Norte del Valle cartel and Los Rastrogio, who are constantly at war with themselves and corrupt guerrilla groups.
Crime thrives in the city, and according to the latest statistics, for every 100,000 inhabitants, 83 inhabitants are killed as a result of gang warfare. Locals say about Cali that this city is beautiful like a butterfly, but it can sting like thousands of bees.

2. San Salvador, El Salvador Over 2,000 residents killed in 2015

San Salvador is the capital of El Salvador, a tiny state in Central America. Only 570,000 people live here, and the number of violent deaths is off scale. There are 45 killed per 100,000 inhabitants. In fact, in 2015, the criminal situation in San Salvador deteriorated sharply, the bandits killed more than 2,000 people!

The perpetrators of such a brutal bloodshed are two powerful and well-armed gangs: MS - 13 and Barrio 18. The endless war between them leads to numerous casualties among the civilian population, who accidentally fell under the crossfire of "thugs". In addition, these gangs are not as well organized as the Yakuza or the Sicilian mafia and have no other sources of income other than banal extortion and robbery, which often end in the death of the victim.

3. Karachi, Pakistan - the most dangerous metropolis

The city of Karachi in Pakistan is the capital of the province of Sindh and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. It is also considered one of the most dangerous cities on the planet, which is worth knowing if you ever decide to visit Pakistan.
Political instability reigns here, constant armed conflicts between foreign and local terrorist groups.

Among the serious crimes committed daily in this metropolis, contract killings, domestic murders, kidnappings, acts of terrorism and robberies are in the lead.

According to the latest statistics, there are 12 killed for every 100,000 residents of Karachi, but international experts say that in 2015 the number of crimes in the city began to decline.

4. Detroit, USA - the most dangerous city in America

In 1987, the film "Robocop" was released. According to the plot of a fantastic action movie, because of the rampant crime in Detroit, the authorities had to create a humanoid cyborg to fight the bandits who had lost all fear. If we forget about cyborgs and robots, then probably the filmmakers themselves did not expect that their fantastic idea would become a harsh reality in the future ...

Detroit was named America's Most Dangerous City in 2013 and 2014, and it retains the same infamous title in 2015. This is the very US city that you definitely do not want to visit when traveling around America. Now just over 700,000 people live here, and the number of crimes is a staggering number - 2072 per 100,000 people, of which 45 are murders.

Most of the city's residents live below the poverty line, they simply have nowhere and nothing to leave this dying city. Maybe in fact, a humanoid robot police officer, charged with an ulcer of crime in Detroit, is what is really needed.

5. Sanaa, Yemen - the most dangerous city in the country

Due to political instability, after the riots in the country and the rebellion of the opposition Hashid tribe in 2012, the once flourishing capital of Yemen, the city of Sanaa, has become one of the most dangerous cities on the planet.
A sharp deterioration in the standard of living led to a massive surge in crime. Constant explosions, murders and acts of terrorism, in their background overlap with smaller crimes like theft and robbery.

Electricity is cut off very often, every day it becomes more and more difficult for local residents to get fresh water and food, and life in the city is gradually fading away. Currently, all tourists are advised to stay as far away from Sanaa as possible.

6. Mogadishu, Somalia - the capital of the state without a government

Over the past few years, the population of the entire globe has associated Somalia with pirates, crime and Tom Hanks, who starred in the movie Captain Phillips. And the most dangerous place in the country is its capital - the city of Mogadishu.
Since the political collapse in the state in the 1990s and all embassies and UN representatives left Somalia, there has been no effective government in the country.

An unceasing, bloody civil war has been raging here for two decades. For a while, the Al-Shabaab group, one of the divisions of Al-Qaeda, held power in the country, until they were forced out by the fighters of the African Union in the 2000s.
Poverty, corruption, mass violence and crime are the companions of this gloomy place, which has long earned the title of one of the most dangerous cities on the planet.

7. Ciudad Juarez, Mexico - Murder Capital of the World

Ciudad Juarez enjoys a dubious reputation as a city where the drug cartels hold power and is rightfully considered the most dangerous city in Mexico. Also known as the “murder capital of the world”, Ciudad Juarez is not worth visiting even for very brave tourists, it is very easy to part with your property and even life here.

This is a place of utter lawlessness controlled by drug lords. Drug trafficking, murders, brutal violence reigns on the streets of the criminal metropolis, and the local police are practically useless. All the ranks of law enforcement agencies, from the top to the police officers, were bought “with giblets” by drug dealers.

Although the statistics are slowly but surely showing a decrease in the number of serious crimes. If in 2010 in Ciudad Juarez an average of 8 people were killed a day, then in 2013 there were 530 murders, and in 2014 - "only" 434.

8. Baghdad, Iraq - the most dangerous city in the Middle East

Ever since US troops entered Iraq to liberate locals from a brutal dictator and show them what real democracy and true freedom are, Baghdad has become one of the most dangerous cities on Earth.

After many years of war, the city's infrastructure and economy were almost completely destroyed. Daily explosions, shootings and murders have become commonplace for local residents. And since the US troops left Baghdad, the war-torn city is on the verge of survival, and the threat that ISIS terrorists may soon take over Baghdad is also very strong. Then visiting the city by non-Muslim travelers will most likely become a one-way road for them.

9. Rio De Janeiro, Brazil - Heist Capital of the World

Despite the fact that there are many other cities in Brazil where a huge number of especially serious crimes are committed, Rio de Janeiro is the country's most visited city by tourists and the second largest in Brazil, which makes it a real hotbed of criminals of all stripes and the center of crime in the state .

The number of murders in Rio has decreased in recent years, if in 2005 there were 42 violent deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, then in 2014 this number dropped to 24 murders per 100,000 citizens.

And if the probability of being killed in Rio has become less, then the chances of becoming a victim of a robbery have become more. Street crimes, disorderly conduct, robbery and theft increased from 6,626 in 2013 to 7,848 crimes in 2014. The number of mobile phones and smartphones stolen from tourists increased by 74.5 percent over the same period.

10. Cape Town, South Africa - the most criminal city on the continent

Cape Town is the capital of the Western Cape province and the second most populous city in South Africa. But despite the status of one of the most beautiful cities, it is also considered one of the most dangerous. Here is the worst crime situation in Africa. There are 8,428 crimes committed per 100,000 inhabitants, which is just an insane amount of crime when you consider the fact that the city has only 3.75 million inhabitants.

Cape Town is also called the most violent and violent city on the continent because of the unthinkable number of murders., on average, 50 citizens are killed per 100,000 inhabitants. With social and economic disparities between classes and a growing number of gang wars, rapes and kidnappings, when visiting South Africa, make sure your travel itinerary is as far away from this capital of crime as possible.

11. Guatemala City, a city where violence reigns

Guatemala is considered by many tourists to be the most beautiful city in Central America, but behind the numerous tourist attractions and beautiful views, there is also the other side of the city, where lawlessness, rampant crime and drug trafficking reign.
Guatemala borders on Honduras, Mexico and El Salvador, which has an extremely negative impact on the crime situation. The city is at the crossroads of drug trafficking, and given the extreme poverty of part of the population, the abundance of firearms in the hands of citizens, it is not surprising that in Guatemala there is a huge number of robberies, robberies, kidnappings and car thefts.

It is one of the most dangerous cities in Central America in terms of murder rates, with an average of 42 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. It is useless to turn to law enforcement agencies for help, they are all corrupt and are on the payroll of bandits. Add Guatemala to the "black" list of cities that should not be visited in any case.

12. Kabul, Afghanistan - a city in the flames of war

As in Baghdad, where murder and brutal violence engulfed the city in the aftermath of the US invasion, so in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, the presence of American fighters has made the city one of the most dangerous in the world in a single decade.

Kabul is a collection of all the worst problems that can happen to one single city. There has been no economic and political stability here for many years, the extreme poverty of the population leads to numerous crimes among the townspeople. The city is dominated by a constant struggle for power between various terrorist groups, of which there are a great many. No, Kabul is not at all the place where you can profitably spend your vacation.

13. Caracas, Venezuela - street violence is the order of the day

Caracas is famous for three things: being the capital of Venezuela, the number of brutal, street killings, and the widespread drug trade. Just think about it - according to statistics, there are 134 murders per 100,000 inhabitants of the city, most of which remain unsolved! And in general, the situation in the state is very criminogenic; in 2014, more than 24,000 murders were committed in Venezuela.

14. Acapulco, Mexico - the most corrupt city in the country

The city, which is considered a tourist resort, where movie stars, celebrities often rest, where various famous sporting events are held annually, is not so beautiful and tempting. Under the glossy beautiful cover of the metropolis hides the dirty, smelly insides of the drug business and street crime.

Just try to take a step away from the paved tourist routes, as you may be drawn into the criminal showdowns of local gangster groups. In 2014, Acapulco had the highest number of homicides in Mexico, with 104 victims per 100,000 inhabitants.

The local police are completely corrupt and it is likely that if you are robbed on the street, then instead of helping, the police themselves will start extorting money from you.

Another main problem of Acapulco is the drug trade and, as a result, the constant showdown of bandits. In the slums of Acapulco, it is not uncommon to see dead bodies left on the streets after drug-related shootings or domestic quarrels.

15. San Pedro Sula, Honduras is the most dangerous city in the world

San Pedro Sula, a city in the northwest of Honduras, is annually at the top of the list of the most dangerous cities in the world. In 2014, the highest number of murders on the planet was recorded here in a city where there is no armed conflict or military confrontation - 171 murders per 100,000 citizens.

Illicit trafficking in drugs and weapons, endless showdown between gangs for spheres of influence in the city, lead to numerous casualties among ordinary citizens. Unfortunately, the safety of the townspeople is absolutely indifferent to the local authorities, who are most interested in the division of bandit handouts. And local law enforcement agencies here serve as watchdogs for drug lords, and not guardians of law and order.

1963 Ferrari 250 GTO

Ideal expensive car

When only it was released from the assembly line, it cost $ 18,000. True, it was possible to buy it only with the permission of the Ferrari owner, but no one sees a problem in this. Is not it?

There is another feature of this machine - only thirty-six of them were produced. This provoked a huge demand for such a vehicle, so in 1988 one of them was sold at auction for $2,000,000, and in 1994 for $13,300,000. But the price did not stop there, and in 2008 one of the British buyers bought it for 15.7 million euros.

Cars of this class are becoming more expensive every year, so it is more profitable to invest in them than even in gold. This is not only the most expensive car, but also the most: beautiful, stylish, unique, powerful and comfortable.

The maximum speed that the Ferrari 250 GTO can accelerate is 280 kilometers per hour and picks up to 100 km / h in 6.1 seconds, which is quite good for its age. Engine with a capacity of 302 horsepower and a volume of 2953 cm3.

In the name of the model, the number “250” indicates the volume of any of the cylinders. And “GTO” can be deciphered as Gran Turismo Omologata.

This model competed in the World Manufacturer's Championship, which took place from 1962 to 1964. Such a car was the last of the Ferrari, which would have the engine in front, like ordinary cars.

His Majesty the Bugatti Veyron

Let's look at the top 10 most expensive cars after the Ferrari 250 GTO to understand what is so attractive and exciting about it, making it so famous. So, we meet Bugatti Veyron - the most expensive car in the world. The cost of such a masterpiece of mechanical engineering is $1,700,000.

This “miracle of technology” has an engine of enormous power of 1000 hp. and to reach up to a hundred kilometers per hour it will take him 2.8 seconds. The speed that such a “rocket” can develop is 407 km / h and in terms of its characteristics it is ahead of even super-class motorcycles Suzuki GSX-R1000!

The unrivaled Ferrari Enzo

Although such a car costs a little less - a million dollars, however, this is a real car that has been adapted for standard roads. It was not for nothing that he was named after the father of the founder of this brand.

Currently, the Ferrari Enzo is the most modern and advanced vehicle. Such a chopped and squat dream of every motorist cannot be compared with either invisible military fighters or modern submarines.

This is a completely complete and original car in its perfection. It is so perfect that it does not require any finishing touches and improvements.

Elegant Pagani Zonda C12 F

The super-sports car industry showed off its creative edge at the Geneva Motor Show with the unveiling of the Zonda F. For most Russians, such a car is worth a fortune—$741,000. The heart of this two-seat convertible is a 7.3-liter twelve-cylinder engine producing 602 horsepower at 6,150 rpm. This model generates a maximum torque (at 4,000 rpm) of as much as 760 Nm.

The total engine power goes through to large 20-inch rims with 223/30 tire sizes. Front-wheel drive on such a car is equipped with 19-inch wheels with 255/35 tire sizes.

Fast Koenigsegg CCX

This is one of the fastest cars in the world from the Swedish concern Koenigsegg Automotive AB worth $600,910. The chassis and body of such a machine are made of ultralight, which is reinforced with aluminum cells.

Everything in such a car is subordinated to the idea to bring to life a huge speed and CCX did not hit the face in the dirt. After all, he accelerates to a hundred kilometers in only 3.2 seconds. The maximum machine can reach a speed of 395 km / h.

The Koenigsegg CCX has an 8-cylinder V-twin engine with a displacement of 4.7 horsepower, a double camshaft with an output of about 806 horsepower (6900 rpm). Such a car develops a torque of 920 Nm (at 5700 rpm).

It has a special six-speed gearbox and an increased security system. With a mixed driving cycle, such a “miracle of technology” consumes only 17 liters per hundred kilometers.

Stylish Porsche Carrera GT

As unfortunate as this statement sounds, Porsche will soon stop making the Carrera GT. The company's policy is that it was supposed to release 1500 units, and only 1270 cars will be manufactured.

At the moment, the production of the last batch of such a car is being completed. Half of these ultra-modern vehicles were destined for the United States at a cost of $440,000.

In Europe, the price was slightly raised, and it was in the range of 330 thousand euros. Such an exotic car could be bought at a price of 580,000 euros.

Behind the cockpit of the Carraera GT is a ten-cylinder engine with a volume of 5.7 liters and a capacity of 612 horsepower. To a hundred kilometers per hour, such a car “gets” in 3.9 seconds, and after 6 seconds on the speedometer you can see a mark of 200 km / h. The maximum that can be squeezed out of such a high-speed car is 330 km / h.

Solid SLR McLaren

You can buy a Mercedes SLR McLaren for $455,500 and it's worth it. After all, each car received a boosted engine that can reach 100 km / h in less than 3.6 seconds.

And this car reaches 200 km / h in just 10.2 seconds. The maximum “squeeze” out of such a vehicle can be 337 kilometers per hour.

Prestigious Maybach 62

Such a car is a revived Daimler Chrysler brand. After all, this is a magnificent limousine made in Stuttgart. It is distinguished, of course, by its size, excellent quality and exclusive.

Technologically, the Maybach 62 applied the developments of the well-known Mercedes-Benz company. Such a prestigious car costs only 385,250 dollars, which, according to the price criteria of the most, the most, is not very expensive.

Executive Rolls-Royce Phantom

On May 4, 2004, the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the meeting of Henry Royce and Charles Rolls took place, which was the reason for the emergence of the Rolls-Royce brand. Therefore, the company decided to release a special series of super luxury cars. They will only be made in limited quantities.

Technically, such a vehicle will not differ in any way from the main version, and will receive the same twelve-cylinder engine. The main innovations concern the interior of such a sedan. Here you will see plates with the names of the founders of Rolls-Royce, as well as a stamped number assigned only to this particular car.

Even these cars will be complemented by an improved front panel trim, which will already have mahogany and aluminum inserts. Also here you can see some additional devices that are not included in regular models. The Rolls-Royce Phantom is priced at $320,000.

Arrow-shaped Lamborghini Murcielago

It is worth, of course, by our Russian standards, such a car is a little expensive - 279,900 dollars. Some auto reviewers have always criticized the most expensive cars in the world. Photos that have only been seen. So it was with Lamborghini.

But when you personally look at such a work of art of mechanical engineering, the admiration is so great that you simply do not dare to criticize. Yes, the Murcielago design may not be like the first (shark-like) Lambo, but the appeal of such a car is so great that it is simply impossible to take your eyes off. It is impossible to confuse such a car with something else.

The chassis of this car is balanced between two extremes. The body is made of carbon fiber, and the transmission was placed in front of the cab to create optimal load: front - 42%, and rear - 58%.

An interesting fact is the implementation of the drive on the Murcielago, because it distributes power to all four wheels, which is unusual for these classes of cars. The movement of such a car is carried out with the help of 18-inch wheels, which are “dressed” in Pirelli P Zero Rosso rubber.

Each of the doors at Lamborghini traditionally do not open, but rise like wings. The seats are designed in the form of a bucket, which makes it easier to get out of the car than in previous models.

This is a fully sports car, both internally and externally. Steering wheel, variable gearbox, leather seats, pedals - everything is where it needs to be in order to form a single whole with the driver.

The engine is made on such a car according to the highest sports category (for 12,580 horsepower). It is capable of speeds of 205 mph. And 60 mph Lamborghini develops in 3.8 seconds.

However, even at lower speeds, there is no torque spike, so the driver does not need to push the higher torque (7500 rpm) to get the feeling of “engine power”.

Definitely, the Murcielago is not designed for city driving. Driving in a dense stream of city cars can cause a lot of inconvenience. After all, such a car loves a long and comfortable strip of an almost deserted highway.

Serious Aston Martin Vanquish

This is the last car in the top most expensive cars in the world. The price of such a car is $ 255,000 and it picks up speeds of up to hundreds of miles in 10 seconds. It would be worth clarifying the figure of 60 miles in 4.5 seconds, but such data does not sound so impressive.

So few of the production cars have such parameters. However, this is not surprising, but the ease with which such “monsters” are controlled even at high speeds.

Vanquish enters various turns without much effort. After all, you can feel the limit of the speed limit only on race tracks. Since on other roads it simply does not skid.

It is also positive in such a car that for urban trips it provides for the possibility of switching on an automatic transmission. Inside, Aston looks spacious. It has plenty of leg room and leather is visible everywhere. Although you can order any finishing material when buying a car. The car pleases with large and convenient controls. They are designed so that the driver is not distracted by them while driving, but fully enjoys the “flight” on this “swallow”.

Each of these outstanding cars impresses with its shape, design and performance. What model would you like to have in your garage? Write the name in the comments and who knows, maybe after a while it will appear for you. After all, taking the first step is always difficult, so let's do it today by writing it on this page!

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12 examples of essays written on the exam in the Russian language and received the maximum score.

War theme

Essay 1 - about the work of a military plant during the war.

Usually human life passes without much upheaval and incident. Small misfortunes happen to a person, sometimes small joys fall to him - in general, he lives more or less measuredly, obeying the rules and customs established in society. But in the life of not one person, but entire tribes, peoples and states, there are periods when they have to exist in a rather unusual environment. Moreover, this situation is unusual most often from a negative side for a person. Famine, wars, droughts, revolutions... What should you do if such a misfortune happened to your country, tribe or nationality? The issue of actions to be taken in extreme circumstances is also discussed in Granin's text.

The text tells about the work of a tank plant that produces KV tanks in Chelyabinsk under the leadership of a certain Zaltsman during the Great Patriotic War. Specifically, the working conditions at the plant and episodes from its history are considered. The above conditions were difficult: the frost reached minus forty, due to the need to warm up the engines, the air in it was heavily polluted. Saltzman somehow drove the ventilation specialists away, giving them a day to solve the problem and threatening that if they didn’t meet, he would lock them in the shop and start all the engines until they died. The author notes that it was this severe condition that helped to ensure that the ventilation was adjusted, and proceeds to describe another episode. The plant worked very hard, especially during the battle for Moscow. Since, according to Stalin, who called him, the fate of Moscow depended on the Salzman tanks, the workers, including many old people and children of pre-conscription age, did not leave the factory for five days. As a result, three echelons of the tank went to Moscow, and later the fourth went: Zaltsman forced the chief engineer Gutin to fly after the radio equipment stuck somewhere with the train, despite the fact that it was not known exactly where the echelon was and how to get to it. Nevertheless, Saltzman rejected all objections with the words: “There are no impossible things!” Judging by the words of the author from the final paragraph, such methods used by factory directors were the norm during the war, although they were condemned after the war.

Knowing Granin's attitude towards Zaltsman - and he, apparently, treated him very respectfully - one can formulate the author's position. It, apparently, lies in the fact that an unusually difficult situation requires non-standard, even harsh methods of getting out of it. Sometimes even the suffering of people for the sake of achieving a result is justified by the result of their work.

It is difficult to argue with Granin, since in such extraordinary situations one has to make a choice between the bad - overstrain, overwork, injury and even death of people at work, and the very bad - in this case, the victory of the enemy. You can't let difficulties break you. When you try to act in inhuman conditions with human methods, you are very likely to fail, although few will condemn you for it.

As an illustration of the conclusions, it would be nice to start with some excerpt from a work about the Great Patriotic War, since it is the war that is one of the most critical situations that, in principle, a person can get into. In addition, this approach provides a certain continuity with Granin's text. Of the many possible works, I would consider Polevoy's The Tale of a Real Man, or rather, a certain Vasily Vasilyevich and other staff of the Moscow clinic where Meresyev was treated. This clinic was famous, with established traditions, with a high level of patient care. The war could not but affect her: the number of sick and wounded, as well as beds for them, increased significantly. The latter sometimes had to be put out in the corridor. In an extremely tense environment, the tired clinic staff, led by their boss, managed to maintain the same quality of patient care and more or less pre-war procedures. Why did they succeed? Because Vasily Vasilyevich, working furiously himself, did not allow others to relax, believing that right now, during the war, the hospital should have the most strict order. He did not accept any excuses from work and did not refuse it himself. Perhaps if the doctors, sisters and other employees of the hospital had worked less intensively, they would have looked better, healthier. But the price of this would be the life and health of the defenders of the Motherland, including the protagonist.

Of course, the heads of factories, hospitals, and other logistics agencies are not the only people on earth who make important choices in terrible conditions. Moreover, not only in war, people have to make superhuman efforts to help themselves and others get out of a difficult situation. It was precisely such efforts, in the literal sense, that Danko from Gorky's "Old Woman Izergil" had to undertake. To begin with, he turned out to be the only strong-willed person in the tribe to offer to look for a way out of the forests and swamps, despite all the threatening dangers. It wasn't that the other members of his tribe were especially weak-willed, just that they were overwhelmed by a terrible life without a sky above their heads, with poisonous fumes that they had to inhale, and a terrifying roar of the wind. One way or another, Danko led them. The tribe, exhausted from fatigue along the way, losing people, began to grumble at Danko, and then even threatened to kill him. His explanations did nothing to improve the situation. Then, realizing that without his help they would die, Danko decided to sacrifice himself for the sake of others, and, tearing out his burning heart like a torch from his chest, illuminating their path, he led them further and led them out into an open space, where he soon fell dead with a smile on your lips. Had he taken some other decision, he would have died anyway, and so he at least saved his fellow tribesmen, who, alas, did not appreciate his feat.

It can be seen from the examples given that unusual difficulties do require unusual measures to be taken to overcome them. But remember, trying some of these methods in a calm environment is very likely to be ineffective. They can even worsen the situation, which should not be allowed. After all, almost every method has its limitations and disadvantages.

Essay 2 - about the children of war.

Children are our future. A lot depends on how they grow up, which is why parents pay so much attention to their upbringing. It is easy to explain to children what good and evil are in ordinary life, but war changes everything. It is difficult to say how the children of the war will grow up, who have been deprived of their childhood and brought down on them by the fear and horror of battles, which not all adults can endure. In his text, the author raises the problem of the impact of war on children.

At the beginning of the text, the narrator talks about the children who were brought from Leningrad by train. Everyone on the platform knew what the blockade of Leningrad was, and at first no one reacted to the announcement of their arrival. But people began to stop and look at them, despite the fact that they saw a lot in the war. The narrator notes that all the children were different, but they had one thing in common: they were children of war. These two words are absolutely unnatural and express the most destructive essence of war. But the main thing is that the children survived and bring people hope for the future. Apparently, when all the children were dropped off, they went somewhere after the woman, and the narrator compared them to a living stream, in which, according to him, there was an inextricable connection with their neighbors. The narrator ends his text with a question about the future of these children, which remains unanswered.

According to A. Pristavkin, the brought children looked very pitiful, but it did not matter, because they were alive and gave hope for rebirth: ; children rescued and carried out of the fatal flame, and this meant rebirth and hope for the future, without which these people, also different on the platform, could not go on living.” In addition, the author believes that they had one common distinguishing feature: their behavior: “... which was expressed in how they behaved towards each other and towards adults, how they stood, how they held hands, lined up in a column ... ”, - the author described it with one expression “children of war”.

I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. Children in the war are extremely hard. They are forced to grow up ahead of time and do things that are unusual for children. At the same time, they are the future and hope of our country, so adults should protect them, try to protect them at least a little from the horror that war brings with it.

The work of L. Kassil "The Story of the Absent" is a vivid example, confirming the position of the author. The action takes place in wartime. The Germans cut off a small military unit from the main army, and it fell into a trap. It was impossible to get out without preliminary reconnaissance. One of the soldiers volunteered himself and went. He was walking through a ravine in which he saw a child. The soldier found out that the boy had been watching the Germans all day and knew all their positions. They were about to climb out of the ravine and return to the rest, but a mine exploded next to them, and the soldier's leg was injured. They heard that the Germans were coming towards them, then the boy, without hesitation, got out of the ravine and went towards the enemy. He ran along the road in the other direction to distract the Germans from the wounded soldier. The child was shot, but the fighter returned to his own and led the entire unit out of the forest through the ravine, so that not a single person died. This boy, whose name has remained unknown, saved an entire military unit with his heroic deed. The child accomplished a feat that is beyond the power of every adult - this suggests that the war forced him to grow up ahead of time. An innocent child gave his life for the lives of other soldiers and other children.

Another example is the story of L. Kassil "Marks of Rimma Lebedeva". The village where Rimma and her mother lived was close to the front line, so they moved to the city with their aunt. Rimma went to school, but her aunt did not let her study properly, arguing that she was almost at war and now she should not overexert herself. At first, the girl resisted, but then she herself began to tell everyone that they had not been at war, they did not know how it was, and stopped studying. There was a hospital next to the school where children went to help the wounded. Rimma made it with her own hands and brought one of the soldiers a pouch, which looked more like a mitten. The wounded man asked Rimma to write a letter, but the girl wrote very illiterately, and the soldier did not like it. He decided to write letters to her every day and teach her literacy. At the end of the quarter, Rimma brought him a report card with grades, in which it was "excellent" for the Russian language. The war could be an excuse not to get an education. She changed Rimma's attitude towards the people around her: she looked down on them, because her classmates were not at war. She was lucky that the soldier intervened and helped her become more literate. But it is easy to imagine how many children could not gain knowledge during the war, because they had to fight not for grades, but for life.

In conclusion, I want to say that war never brings anything good with it. Children who grew up during the war years are very different from the rest, because they did not have a childhood. Someone did not get an education, someone did not get parental love, someone just had to fight for their life every day - all this changes consciousness, and it is very important to try to explain to such children what is bad in this world and what - good.

Nature theme

Essay 3 - about chamomile.

Human life has always been strongly dependent on nature. Despite the fact that now humanity has achieved great results in its development, it is still an inseparable part of it. In his text, the author raises the problem of the responsibility of generations to their descendants for the conservation of nature.

Yu. Yakovlev's text tells how children found an unusual flower near their house. At first they asked their parents about him, but they did not give an answer. Neighbors came, looked at it, and everyone had their own version of the appearance of the flower, but no one could say for sure. Then everyone remembered their grandmother and decided to turn to her. The author says that people now know about the time in which she lived only from books. She gave the answer: it was a camomile. Grandmother said that before there were a lot of these flowers, but they were plucked all in a row, and they were gone. The text ends with a statement from the grandmother, who accuses her generation of not saving the dearest flower of our land. Modern children do not know about its existence. Yakovlev ended his text with such sad words, in order for the reader to think about the fact that each of our actions has its own consequences that our descendants will feel.

According to the author, chamomile is the most native flower of our land: "From childhood to old age, a small sun with white rays shone on a person." Yu. Yakovlev believes that previous generations are to blame for the modern ones for not treating nature carefully, and because of this, some plant species have not survived to this day: “We are to blame for you, children! Did not save the chamomile. The most native flower of our land was not saved, and it became alien to you, like an alien.

I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. People must protect nature. First, she gave us life and sustains it now. Secondly, it is unfair that our descendants will not see part of nature due to the negligence of modern people.

The work of R. Bradbury "Smile" describes the events of the future. Mankind survived the war, as a result of which the entire civilization disappeared, and people returned to the traditional way of life. Not only the achievements of science suffered, but also nature and the environment: the roads were like a saw, up and down, from the bombings, the fields glowed at night from radiation. It is difficult to say what harm this war did to the environment, but, of course, children born after these terrible events saw a completely different world. All this happened due to the fact that someone did not share something. People in the past acted irresponsibly and selfishly, and the consequences have to be dealt with by the younger generations, who inherited only a tiny part of the natural wealth.

Another example confirming the words of the author is the work of A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard". The estate of the landowner Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya had a huge cherry orchard, which was the pride and just a favorite place of the Ranevsky family. Unfortunately, the beautiful garden was soon to be sold for debt. Lyubov Andreevna always overspent money, and for the last five years she lived abroad and did not look after the estate. Ranevskaya receives a proposal to cut down the garden and give the land for summer cottages in order to avoid selling the estate. Lyubov Andreevna is horrified by this offer, and she refuses it. It turns out that she does not want to cut down the garden, but she allowed to bring it to such a state. Gaev, Ranevskaya's brother, is trying to make some plans to save the garden, he even asks an aunt from Yaroslavl for money, but all in vain. It was already too late, and on the twenty-second of August, on the day of the auction, the estate was sold to Lopakhin, who had previously persuaded Ranevskaya to cut down the garden. So he was going to do after his purchase. Thus, the family did not preserve this wonderful garden for future generations. Due to the negligence of the Ranevsky family, no one else will be able to admire it, walk between the trees and pick cherries. Descendants learn about him only from stories.

In conclusion, I want to say that nature undoubtedly plays a key role in human life. People must understand that nature is very fragile, and we must protect it not only for ourselves, but also for our children, for the sake of the future of all mankind.

Essay 4 is about animals.

Pets have always been people's friends. Therefore, they deserve proper treatment. Despite the fact that a person has great power over domestic animals, he should not treat them as he wants. People must take care of their pet, groom and cherish it, and only in this case the pet will respond in kind. It is the problem of the attitude of people towards animals that the author raises in his text.

Goncharova begins her text by introducing the main character, Seraphim, a Chernivtsi veterinarian who adores his patients. A man communicates exclusively with those people who treat their pets well, he does not want to know the rest. For example, Seraphim stopped communicating with Leva Gold, from whom the turtle ran away. For the veterinarian, this person automatically became bad: “Goodbye, Leva Gold, you are an animal.” Further, the writer talks about a beautiful cat that was fed by the owners so that she stopped moving and showing activity. Such hosts are not Seraphim's friends either. The next pet is a parrot. He behaves horribly, steals and swears. The veterinarian explains that the bird, unlike its owner, can be pointed out once to mistakes, and she will immediately understand them. The first to receive positive feedback is the donkey Socrates. Seraphim says that he is smart and very quick-witted, although sometimes he still shows his donkey, stupid qualities. Seraphim says about Osadchikh's goat that she is amorous, stupid and importunate. In her tobacco addiction, he blames the owners, whom he considers animals. The veterinarian also talks about Fedor the pig, who, according to Seraphim, does not get fat, because everything goes to his mind. The owners of the piglet are evil people, they want to kill him. The owners are to blame for the loss of hearing in the dog of the Tomultsovs, who ruined their talent by taking the dog hunting in the winter. Seraphim himself does not have his own pet, because he devotes all his time to others: not only animals, but also their owners. For example, a recently familiar lady brought puppies. Seraphim spends every day with her, but not only because of the puppies, but because the owners are people. Goncharova, completing her text, writes what exactly Seraphim will be able to tell: what kind of person is good, and what kind of person should not be communicated with.

The author believes that the habits of pets can be said about the nature of their owners, which is why people should treat animals well. According to the author, well-mannered and smart pets can only be with decent and intelligent owners.

I cannot but agree with the author. In my life, I have faced similar situations many times. It seems to me that pets, like children, they take an example from people and imitate their behavior, so the owners should monitor their behavior, pay attention to pets and educate them.

A striking example is the story of Kazakov Yu. "Arcturus - the hound dog". It speaks of a hound dog who was born blind. For his handicap, his owners threw him out into the street, where he grew up very shy because people kept kicking him and yelling at him. Once a doctor who was returning from duty saw him, he took him to his home, washed him and fed him. After that, the doctor wanted to drive the dog away, but he rested and did not go. So a new inhabitant appeared in the house. Kazakov describes Arcturus as an unusual dog. The animal loved its owner passionately, with all his soul. The Doctor is the only one who treated Arcturus kindly, so the dog was incredibly devoted to him. After some time, Arcturus began to spend a lot of time in the forest, hunting instincts made themselves felt. One day he came across a fox and chased it through the whole forest. Rumors about the unusual dog quickly spread, and people came to the doctor who offered big money for the dog. The doctor flatly refused, he loved Arcturus very much, he did not need any money. It seems to me that Arcturus understood everything and therefore did not even think about leaving the owner or betraying him. Probably, if it were not for the accident in the forest, they would have lived in perfect harmony with the doctor. This story is the best way to show that the relationship of a person to an animal is directly related to the relationship of an animal to a person.

Another, no less striking, example is the work of K. Paustovsky "The Gray Gelding". The story tells about a horse that has worked for people all its life. When she could no longer work, the chairman of the collective farm wanted to send her to the groom, but Petka, the groom, took pity on the horse and took it for himself. That is why the gelding followed him when Petya and Reuben walked to the river. The horse felt a good attitude towards himself from Petka, and therefore treated him the same way.

In conclusion, I want to say that many people treat animals as stupid creatures, treat them badly and allow themselves to be pushed around, but even pets understand everything, therefore they become the same as their owners, they imitate them in everything, in including behavior.

art theme

Essay 5 - about books.

Lots of people read books every day. At the same time, they relate very differently to both the information they read and the book itself. Some consider literary works noble food for the mind, spiritual mentors. Others perceive reading as a good way to kill time and disperse boredom. Some individuals generally think that books are only good for kindling a stove. So how should books be treated? This issue is considered, including in the text of V. Soloukhin.

The text is a dialogue between two friends. To be more precise, most of it is the story of one of the interlocutors about the incident that occurred in the city of K. This incident was connected with the library, namely, with the old books in it. The librarian Valentina Filippovna, with whom the narrator was on good terms, suggested that he take and drive a truck in order to choose any books from the available ones. She still needed to hand over these works for waste paper by order of the city authorities, and she hoped that he, her acquaintance, as the only professional writer in the city, would at least save something. By the way, among these books were the original editions of Radishchev, Derzhavin, Baratynsky and Batyushkov, the first books in French by Dumas and Balzac, the Bible illustrated by Doré ... The writer did not take all these rarities, because he had a lousy mood because of a quarrel with his wife and he was too lazy to hire a truck. Apparently, such an attitude towards really valuable books offended the librarian. The narrator subsequently condemned himself, comparing himself with a fool to whom the treasure is given.

Apparently, the position of the author is that books should be treated with care and valued. Some books, from the point of view of Soloukhin, are really a treasure. Those who pass by this wealth, the author condemns.

It is difficult to disagree with Soloukhin, because there is a lot of knowledge in books that can be useful to us in life. Reading books also teaches us how to work with information. Finally, by reading books, we can touch the beautiful, discover a whole world of new emotions and impressions.

In literature, as in life, alas, quite often there is a type of people who do not appreciate books and do not like to read. Some prefer to replace the knowledge gleaned from books with something pseudo-scientific. If such people make up the majority in society, which, fortunately, is rather difficult to imagine, such a society will degrade. Let's take, for example, some miserable remnants of humanity from the story of K. Simak "The Generation That Achieved the Goal". These people, having been flying for a long time on a spaceship that carried them off the earth, have already forgotten how to control it and what it is intended for. Reading books eventually fell under their ban. They considered their ship to be a whole separate world, and not one of hundreds of the same. The development of science stopped, the society was dominated by a religious view of the world. On the whole ship, fortunately, there was one single person named John Hoff, to whom the ancestor bequeathed a manual for managing the ship and various books. Having read far from everything that was bequeathed to him, John sharply realized that the picture of the world that all the inhabitants of the ship imagine is strikingly different from the true one. Moreover, he discovered that the ship was rushing to the star and they were all in danger of death. Looking ahead, I’ll say that if he didn’t dare, despite the ban, to pick up a book, people would die without even knowing what killed them. No one would change the course of the ship, and people would burn in the flames of the star. By the way, on realizing the truth, Hoff's adventures are far from over. He was left almost alone with his truth. He also had to make sure that, in addition to books, it was not in vain that his ancestors bequeathed him a gun ...

Naturally, the literary example of degrading humanity, ceasing to appreciate books, is quite striking. Another thing, as experience shows, in the near future, hardly anyone will forbid reading books in general. Reading books for the younger generation will slowly be replaced by a computer and TV. Such an undesirable development of events was also noticed by the physicist Georgy Andreevich from F. Iskander's story "Authority", and the general trend directly affected his youngest son. The latter, capturing the formal meaning of the books, did not understand the deeper meanings laid down in them by the author. In addition, he himself did not like to read books, and he was reluctant to listen to his father's reading. Neither The Shot, nor The Captain's Daughter, nor Hadji Murad touched him particularly. Realizing that by not reading books, his son would miss something very important in his life and move away from him, Georgy Andreevich decided to put his son to a book, arguing with him that he would beat him in badminton. It turned out to beat my son in badminton, albeit with great difficulty. The reader is left with the hope that for the latter, at least in this way, the wonderful world of literature will open.

In conclusion, I would like to say that a good attitude towards books, the ability to appreciate them, of course, is not yet a guarantee of education and success in life. But in itself this quality is very worthy. Too bad it's getting rarer and rarer...

Essay 6 is about beauty.

There are a huge number of works of art in the world. Each author wants to convey to the reader, the viewer something of his own. Someone admires the beauty of nature, others - the appearance of people. But what is the real beauty? It is this question that worries V.V. Veresaev.

In this text, the author talks about the competition between the teacher and the student. They had to depict the "highest Beauty" in the pictures. First, the writer shows how the public reacted to the work of the artist. He writes: "No one has ever seen such beauty in the world." The picture, of course, was charming, but it made people look at the world around them differently, and then they noticed a bunch of flaws in it. Thus, V.V. Veresaev wants to convey to the reader that real beauty should illuminate everything with light, and not oppress. In addition, the author describes the public's perception of the student's painting. At first, a murmur and bewilderment passed through the square, but later people saw the true beauty: “Everyone remembered the best moments of his love.” Thus, V.V. Veresaev shows how the joyful light from the picture lit up everything around, and this is real beauty.

The position of the author is extremely clear. He believes that the work, in which the soul is invested, has true beauty. It is it that will help awaken the best feelings in people, help to see the beauty in what we have, because without it our life becomes gray and joyless.

It is difficult to disagree with the position of the author. Indeed, true beauty depends on the soul that the author put into his work. After all, if a person works for profit, then he does not even try to convey at least some personal emotions and experiences.

To prove the validity of all of the above, I will give the following literary example. Let us recall the work “Portrait” by N.V. Gogol. In it, the author writes about the young artist Chartkov, who loved to create and put his whole soul into his works. But once in his hands was a large sum of money. At first, he wanted to buy everything necessary for creativity, lock himself in the workshop and create. But then the desire for fame and profit took over him. Over time, Chartkov became a fashionable painter and lost his talent. Once he was invited to an exhibition of an artist who had come from Italy. When Chartkov saw his picture, he wanted to draw something similar, but nothing came of it. Thus, N.V. Gogol shows how, in pursuit of profit, a person ceases to put his soul into his works, and as a result, loses his talent.

As another example from the literature, I will cite the work of R. Bradbury "Smile". The author writes about the people who gathered in the square to destroy another work of art. When the painting was presented to the public, everyone except Tom started spitting at it and throwing rocks. The boy saw something beautiful in her. Suddenly, someone threw him over the frame, and he tore out a piece of the canvas. But, despite the other people who tore and trampled it all, he put it in his pocket. Perhaps it is Tom who will be able to return civilization to people. Thus, R. Bradbury shows how people without art become evil and cannot see real beauty.

In conclusion, I would like to say that people should try to feel the work of the author, to understand what he wanted to tell them. Only then will they be able to truly appreciate it and know the true beauty.

The theme of Motherland and childhood

Essay 7 - about the grandfather's house.

People relate to places differently. Saying the word “place”, I mean not just a geographical coordinate, but something related to my own human memories, like the playground where you played as a child, school, home ... The latter, for example, can be remembered with warmth every day. But not for everyone it plays such an important role - others consider it only the first place of residence. So how should you relate to the place where you spent your childhood? This issue is also discussed in Iskander's text.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator describes his longing for his grandfather's house and its causes. Already in the second paragraph, he says that now that this house is gone, he feels robbed. It seems to him that some main root of his is chopped off. Explaining his thought, the narrator describes to us all the charm of a place dear to him. Of course, it lies partly in the beauty of both the nature of the courtyard and the interior of the house, but more important for a person who is familiar with all this is the memories associated with these beautiful objects and objects of nature. About how he listened to hunting stories in the kitchen, how many unripe apples he knocked from the apple tree, and so on. The most important thing, probably, was that the house, with its hearth smoke and the kind shade of trees, supported the narrator and made him bold and confident.

The position of the author, apparently, is that one should treat one's home with indifference, with respect and care, because it is important for you, it can help you in your life. The memories associated with him are of great value.

It is difficult to argue with Iskander, because in difficult times happy memories help a lot to dispel sadness and longing for a while. I think many people have plenty of those related to their home. In addition, this house is your fortress, a place where you almost always feel comfortable, a place that is almost alive for you. Perhaps, for someone, he is even almost a full-fledged interlocutor ...

There are many works in literature where the main characters somehow realize the value of their home. In Bradbury's Strawberry Window, for example, a family that has moved to Mars experiences homesickness on Earth. This is especially evident in the example of Kerry. She lacked, it would seem, all the little trinkets that created coziness in an old house, like an Armenian carpet or Swedish mirrors. The earthly house itself was very different from her and Bob's now - it was wooden, and the sounds generated by the tree gave it something like a soul. He seemed to soak up the years. The current house made only tin sounds, as if it did not matter to him whether the owner lived in it or not. Bob, understanding all this, but at the same time believing that humanity should spread throughout the Universe for the purpose of self-preservation, in order to settle down well somewhere by the time the Sun explodes, decides to spend the savings accumulated over ten years in order to transport some of the cute to the heart of things on Mars, making living on it at least a little more comfortable. His decision was understandable, but hasty: Kerry and the children were hardly happy about such a quick waste of money, and without their knowledge. However, this is not directly related to the issue we are considering ...

Naturally, the theme of loving the place where you spent your youth is not limited to science fiction literature. For example, in Chekhov's Cherry Orchard, she is one of the main ones. Ranevskaya and Gaev have warm feelings towards the garden itself, the estate, the children's rooms and the old closet. The reason is simple: these things remind them of childhood - that glorious time when life was easy, when they did not feel any responsibility for their action or inaction. Alas, these personalities remained as infantile as they were, so they could not save the garden from being sold under the hammer - instead of taking decisive action, they talked about the beauty of the garden, the fate of Russia, and also had fun. Ironically, the garden went to a person who did not understand its value, but offered the most real ways to save it, that is, Lopakhin. As a result, the cherry orchard was cut down, the house was boarded up along with the footman Firs, forgotten by his masters. The former owners were hardly happy about the fate of the estate, where they spent their best years.

In conclusion, I would like to say that, of course, your home is unlikely to be the only memorable place in your life. There are cases when a person initially does not have a place that he could call home - and nothing, he lives! But in most cases, it is best to remember where you come from, where you grew up, how your life journey began.

Essay 8 is about childhood.

Childhood is the most important period in the life of every person, because at this time the worldview is formed in the child, the formation of personality takes place. It is no coincidence that V.A. Soloukhin raises in this text the problem of the role of childhood impressions in the future fate of a person.

At the beginning of the text, the author talks about three Russian poets and what influenced their work. For example, an oak is often found in Lermontov's poems due to the fact that in his youth he liked to spend time in an oak forest. Yesenin often mentioned birch in his works, since there was a birch grove near his house. Blok's work was also influenced by nature, and in particular the Lutosnya River, over which magnificent fogs rose. The author says that native places endowed the poet with a sense of the Motherland. Further, Soloukhin discusses the significance of childhood impressions, calling them "the foundation of a future spiritual life." He gives an extended metaphor, saying that “seeds are sown in childhood” that germinate (or do not germinate) throughout a person’s life and determine what he will be like: “Some become bright and pure flowers, some ears of corn, some - evil thistle." At the end of the text, the author claims that the feeling of the Motherland was a flower in Blok's soul, which blossomed and blossomed for decades. This was the reason for the deep connection between the poet and Russia.

The position of the author is expressed in the penultimate paragraph of this text. Soloukhin convinces the reader that the period of childhood determines how a person will grow up. He believes that any character trait of an adult was laid in him when he was still a child.

I fully share the author's point of view. Indeed, the period of childhood has a huge impact on the future life of a person, since at this time the child is very susceptible to everything that happens around him, because views on the world and life position have not yet formed in his mind. That is why all childhood memories and impressions are reflected in adulthood.

Agreeing with V.A. Soloukhin, I would like to turn to fiction and find arguments in it to confirm the author's position. Let us recall, for example, the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri". The protagonist was forcibly taken away from his homeland when he was still a child, and held captive in a foreign land. For many years he suffered in captivity, dreaming of returning home, and one day he escaped. In the days of his freedom, when he was close to his homeland, Mtsyri recalled happy moments from childhood, his native places, his family. Unfortunately, he did not manage to get home, as he was weak from hunger. Dying, he declared that it was unbearable for him to live away from home. Thus, Lermontov shows the influence of childhood memories and the Motherland on a person.

Also, as an example, we can cite the work of A. Aleksin "Actress". This story tells about a man who came to the theater, which he went to as a child. After the performance, he ambushed one actress who performed in this theater when it was small. The hero told her how he once went with his grandmother to her performance. This was a very important event in his life, so when, as an adult, he saw the actress playing, memories of his grandmother flooded over him. He thanked the actress because she brought him a feeling of happiness for one evening. Thus, the author shows how childhood experiences affect adult life.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that it is impossible to overestimate the importance of the childhood period in a person’s life, because it determines his entire future life.

The theme of life values

Essay 9 - about spiritual and material values.

In the modern world, people attach great importance to their material well-being, which determines their status in society. Spiritual values ​​sometimes fade into the background, but still people need them to satisfy their internal aesthetic needs. What does a person need more in life: material or spiritual values? This is the question raised by the author in the text.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator begins by describing the events that take place. He was on a business trip in Italy, where he met an Italian millionaire, who at the end of the evening invited him to his house for dinner. At first glance, this man was a typical bourgeois millionaire with the appropriate behavior and manners. However, at home, the millionaire said that he loves poetry very much and released a small collection for friends. The narrator was struck by the beauty of this collection: it was made from expensive materials, and at the same time with great taste. Then he notices how the Italian has changed when talking about poetry: he has become softer. The millionaire read him a short poem that had come together during the evening, and the narrator noted that it made sense, although he did not expect this from the owner of the factory. The text ends with a speech by an Italian millionaire who says that he is unhappy because he has to work in a factory, that is, his unloved business, but without a factory, he says, he would be even more unhappy.

The author's opinion is expressed in the text through the words of an Italian millionaire: "I am unhappy, God knows ... But without the factory, I would be even more unhappy!" These words make it clear that, according to the author, material values ​​play a dominant role in our lives, but we cannot do without spiritual values.

I cannot but agree with the author that most people now do not do what they want, do not satisfy their spiritual needs, but do everything in order to become rich, because money can buy everything, including what is needed for the soul.

An example of this problem is the work of N.V. Gogol "Portrait". The work tells about a young artist who had a talent for drawing, but at the very beginning of his journey, he stared at the life of the rich and dreamed of joining their ranks. And he had such an opportunity: by the will of fate, the artist Chartkov got the money, with the help of which he was transformed and became famous. Of course, his first thought was to buy everything that is necessary for practice, and work out his skills for several years, but still the craving for fame turned out to be stronger. In the end, he became very rich and famous, had a certain authority in society, but his portraits were similar to each other, did not contain anything special. Chartkov did not notice this until a picture of his old acquaintance, who had gone to Italy to develop his skills, was brought to the city. The artist was amazed by the painting to the core, so he rushed home to try to draw a fallen angel, but nothing came of it. Then he realized that he could not do anything, because he did not know the very beginnings, he had ruined his talent and nothing could be changed. Chartkov, in a fit of envy and anger, began to buy up paintings and destroy them. He eventually died of insanity. This example shows that spiritual values ​​are still more important than material ones. For Chartkov, wealth was the main thing in life, of course, he realized that this was wrong, but it was too late to change anything.

Another example is the work of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych". The protagonist of the story, zemstvo doctor Dmitry Ionovich Startsev, comes to work in the provincial city of S. He is an open person, ready to communicate, and soon the doctor meets the Turkin family and goes to visit them. He liked their company: each family member had his own talents. Resuming an acquaintance a year later, he falls in love with Kotik, the daughter of the Turkins. Having called the girl to the garden, Startsev tries to declare his love and unexpectedly receives a note from Kotik, where he is assigned a date at the cemetery. Startsev is almost sure that this is a joke, but he still goes to the cemetery at night and waits for Ekaterina Ivanovna for several hours to no avail, indulging in romantic daydreams. The next day, dressed in someone else's tailcoat, Startsev goes to propose to Ekaterina Ivanovna, and is refused. We see that for the zemstvo doctor, spiritual values ​​are in the first place, he is passionate about communicating with people, his feelings for Kotik, but her refusal hurt his pride. Four years later, Startsev has a lot of practice and a lot of work. He visits the Turkins again, but, remembering his love for Kotik, he is embarrassed, and the talents of the Turkins are no longer so attractive to him. Over time, Ionych only increases his practice, from greed he cannot quit his job. Startsev's life is boring, nothing interests him, he is lonely. It is easy to see that at the beginning of the story, when spiritual values ​​were important for Ionych, he was a more pleasant and cheerful person than at the end, when he became interested only in money. It turns out that spiritual values ​​are needed in a person's life, because they give him the strength to live and develop.

In conclusion, I want to say that one must be able to combine material wealth and spiritual needs. Sometimes without money it is impossible to fulfill your spiritual dreams, but we must not forget that it is the inner human values ​​that help us to remain human. It seems to me that everything is important: both material and spiritual values, the main thing is not to forget that one contributes to the development of the other.

Essay 10 is about selfless help.

In modern society, people do everything for a fee, no one will make an extra effort to help a person, although before there was nothing special about coming to the aid of other people and not demanding anything in return. That is why in his text the author raises the problem of disinterested help to people.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator begins by describing the situation that is being discussed in the text. He says that once his son was very ill, and one of those days Arkady Gaidar came to see him. The narrator's family could not get a rare medicine for their son, so Gaidar called his house and asked to send all the boys from their yard. When they arrived, he sent them all over Moscow in search of this medicine. Gaidar was sitting by the phone, and when someone called and said that there was no medicine in the pharmacy, he sent this boy on. In the end, the necessary medicine was found in Maryina Grove. The narrator says that Gaidar could not be thanked, he did not like it, since he considered any help to be the norm of life. Then he describes another case, how they, together with Gaidar, walked along the street, on which a pipe faucet burst. People had already run to block it, but the water was still pouring and washing the earth out from under the small garden. Then Arkady Petrovich, without hesitation, ran up to the pipe and blocked it with his hand. Despite the fact that he was in great pain, he held her until the tube was closed. He was glad that he managed to save the little garden. The narrator ends his text with warm words about Gaidar.

According to the author, helping other people should become the norm for every person. The author's opinion is confirmed by the words of the narrator about Gaidar: “It was impossible to thank him. He became very angry when he was thanked for his help. He considered helping a person the same thing as, say, greeting. K. Paustovsky believes that selfless help brings joy to both those who have been helped and those who have helped.

I cannot but agree with the words of the author, selfless help must come from the heart, so it does not require any gratitude. It seems to me that it is necessary to educate this from childhood, only then helping other people will become the norm of life.

An example of this problem is the work of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". The third part tells about how a tribe lived in the old days, which was strong, cheerful and courageous, but other tribes came and drove the former ones away. They began to wander through the forests in search of a new place of residence, but it was impossible to live in the forests, since the sun did not break through there, and a terrible stench emanated from the swamps. When people were already desperate, Danko appeared. He led them through the forest, and the people followed him. It was a difficult journey with no end in sight. When everyone was completely exhausted, they blamed Danko for all their troubles. People wanted to kill him, but Danko tore out his heart, which lit up the entire forest. People again went for Danko, fascinated by the radiance of his heart. In the end, the forest ended, and the steppe spread out before everyone. Danko proudly looked at this and died. People immediately forgot about him, one even stepped on Danko's heart, but he never asked for something in return. His love for people was so great that he was able to sacrifice his life to save his tribe and did not even demand gratitude in return.

Another example is L. Kassil's story "Marks of Rimma Lebedeva". The action takes place during the war. Rimma and her mother spent some time near the front line, and then went to her aunt. In the new place, Rimma again went to school, but her aunt did not allow her to exert herself much, because she said that she had not yet recovered from what she had experienced. Over time, Rimma herself began to think the same way, so she did not do her homework and studied poorly. All the children in their class went to the hospital. The girls embroidered pouches for the wounded, and Rimma also sewed it, although it did not turn out very foldable. The soldier to whom she gave it asked to write the letter for him, as his hand was injured. When the wounded man began to check after Rimma, he saw a large number of mistakes. Since then, Rimma came to the soldier every day, and they wrote letters, and then sorted out the mistakes. At the end of the quarter, the girl brought the wounded man a sheet with grades, for the Russian it was "excellent". She asked the soldier to sign as a tutor, and the wounded man was very surprised at this. So Lieutenant Tarasov helped the girl correct her grades and learn how to write correctly. It is easy to understand that he did this out of the kindness of his heart, because he wanted to help the girl. Of course, she was very grateful to him, but it was enough for him to see her grades, the wounded man realized that his work had not been in vain, and was very glad about it.

In conclusion, I want to say that selfless help should come from the heart and be done by every person. The person who provided this help will feel joy himself. People should make every effort to ensure that mutual assistance becomes the norm again in our lives.

Essay 11 is about happiness.

By the word "happiness" each person means something different: for some it is a big family, for others - wealth, for others - the opportunity to travel the world. Of course, it is not easy to find your own happiness. So how do you become happy? It is this question that the author raises in his text.

The text begins with a description of the main character - a boy whose name is Genya Pirap-pilots. The author lists all the physical ailments that made this child unhappy and lonely, other children even threw clods of dirt at him. But one day everything changed. Gena had a birthday, and his mother forced him to invite his classmates and children from the yard to the holiday, although he did not communicate with anyone. The boy's favorite pastime was to fold various figures from newspapers. When the guests entered the house, he was doing just that, so after a few minutes everyone was bending over the table. Genya only had time to make new figures, everyone wanted to get something, because the events took place in wartime, and there were almost no toys then. The children smiled at Gene, were drawn to him, and he experienced real happiness, because he was in a team, he made friends. The author ends his text with the words that the mother at that time was washing the dishes, smiling and crying. Genya was truly happy for the first time in his life.

According to L. Ulitskaya, in order to become happy, you need to be useful to society: this will help you join the team and overcome loneliness. The author's opinion is directly expressed in the text: "They stretched out their hands to him, and he gave them his paper miracles, and everyone smiled, and everyone thanked him ... He was happy." And also the position of the author is contained in the last sentence of the text: "The happy boy gave away paper toys."

I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author, because any person needs communication and a team. The best way to join the team is to be useful, so a person must definitely have some kind of occupation: this is how he becomes happy.

A striking example confirming the position of the author is R. Bradbury's story "The Strawberry Window". The work speaks of a family whose head was a builder. He wanted to work on new cities on Mars, so they had to leave their earthly home and move to the red planet. It was deserted and uncomfortable on Mars, the builder's wife, Kerry, constantly cried and really wanted to return home, but could not leave her husband. Despite the unattractiveness of Mars, Bob felt truly happy there. He talked about what gives the future to new generations: when it will be impossible to live on Earth, everyone will move to Mars, and he is one of those people who will help make this happen. Thus, Bob benefits people, not only now living, but also in the future - this thought inspires him and makes him happy.

Another example is the work of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". The third part tells about how a tribe lived in the old days, which was strong, cheerful and courageous, but other tribes came and drove the former ones away. They began to wander through the forests in search of a new place of residence, but it was impossible to live in the forests, since the sun did not break through there, and a terrible stench emanated from the swamps. When people were already desperate, Danko appeared. He led them through the forest, and the people followed him. It was a difficult journey with no end in sight. When everyone was completely exhausted, they blamed Danko for all their troubles. People wanted to kill him, but Danko tore out his heart, which lit up the entire forest. People again followed Danko, enchanted by the radiance of his heart. In the end, the forest ended, and the steppe spread out before everyone. Danko proudly looked at this and died. People immediately forgot about him, one even stepped on Danko's heart, but he died happy, because his love for people was boundless. He brought great benefits to the whole tribe, Danko saved them all from death, he knew this, so he was happy.

In conclusion, I want to say that there are many different ways to find happiness, but the surest way is to bring benefit and joy to other people, because if you do this from a pure heart, then you yourself involuntarily become happy.

Essay 12 is about complaining about your time.

People often say that in the days of their parents life was better or, conversely, that now everyone is trying for future generations, and only they will have a good life. Few people notice that there are many advantages in the present tense compared to the past and future. In this text, the author raises the problem of complaining about his time.

Degoev begins his text with the argument that people constantly complain about their time and each generation has its own reasons for this. This is especially pronounced at turning points, for example, during the revolution, although later this unfortunate time becomes an object of admiration for posterity. The author says that our time is no exception, many are dissatisfied with their lives, and they have reason for this. The parties in power offer people the shortest path to happiness, but in the end it drags on for a long time, and everyone runs out of patience. The history of the twentieth century is full of terrible moments, in comparison with which our time no longer seems so bad, although the 20th century is remembered for other events. The author ends the text by saying that people no longer want the past or the future, they just want to live in peace, live in the moment. And this does not prevent them from knowing their time, as well as looking into the future.

The author's opinion on this problem is directly expressed in the text: "Each generation has reasons to complain about its own time ..." He believes that people are always more attracted to other people's times. Although he has a separate opinion about modern people: “However, people no longer want to live in either a blessed past or a promised future. They just want to live, without wars, upheavals and poverty.”

I cannot but agree with the author that people dream of getting into the past or the future. It seems to me that this happens because, when studying history, we pay more attention to its positive aspects, often forgetting about the serious problems of those times. Probably, now people have already come to terms with the fact that they cannot get to another time, and therefore they wish themselves a quiet life, devote time to the present, live in the moment.

An example of this problem is the work of R. Bradbury "Smile". There was a war in the world, during which almost the entire civilization was destroyed, and what little was left of it was now purposefully exterminated by the survivors. The action takes place in a small town, where they were supposed to bring a picture into which each of the inhabitants could spit. There was a big queue for this. In the queue, people discussed the upcoming event, and also discussed the time in which they live. Someone was indignant that after the war they had almost nothing left. But for the most part, people hated the past, because because of the people who ruled then, they now live practically among the ruins, among the radioactive fields. There was only one person who noted that civilization had its advantages. And yet people hated their time, because they lived in the ruins of the past, although on the other hand, they have a chance to start all over again. Maybe the boy from the queue, who could not spit in the picture, will become the very person who will create a new civilization without flaws.

Another example is R. Bradbury's story "The Strawberry Window". Events are developing in the future, on Mars. The family moved there because the father was a worker and he wanted to build cities on Mars. Unfortunately, his wife absolutely did not like it there, and she really wanted to return to Earth, but she could not leave her husband. Bob said that soon there would be a big city here, she would make new friends, and this place would no longer be distinguishable from Earth. He did a good deed, built a place of residence for future generations. Bob lived with dreams of a brighter future, but his wife did not share his inspiration. She did not like the situation in which they lived at that moment, and every night she wanted to pack her things and go back. For her, their former home on Earth was the best place, she lived in thoughts about it. At the end of the story, Bob takes the whole family to the spaceport, he spent all the money and moved part of their house from Earth to Mars. The wife's reaction is ambiguous, and we cannot say for sure whether she is happy about it or not. Thus, Bob lived in dreams of the future, and his wife lived in thoughts of the past, none of them could say that the time in which they live in the present moment is the best.

In conclusion, I want to say that you don’t need to dream about everything being the same as before, you need to look for the pluses in your time and try to make it better and more comfortable. We must not forget about the future, because our children will live in it, but we should not think that our time is bad, because time is always good.