In the most general terms, interest is a necessary element of an adaptive reaction to something new, and initiative is a manifestation of the arbitrariness of interest.
What appears outwardly as interest can be of a very different nature. Conventionally, we can subdivide pre-reflex, reflex and conscious externally observable signs of interest. Each of these levels has its own qualitatively different implementation mechanism. What they all have in common is that all of these are manifestations of the body’s adaptability: reactions that increase adaptability to new conditions. And therefore, it is especially significant to trace how the reactions of individual adaptation became more complex in the course of evolutionary improvement.
Psychology usually considers interest as a manifestation of the operation of a “black box”, i.e. without defining a specific mechanism, which leads to many uncertainties and inadequacies of the real organization. Thus, interest is often attributed to emotions. But emotion manifests itself subjectively as a conscious style of behavior. Before awareness, behavior is characterized by a “searching” style of behavior that precedes the “orienting reflex.”
Search behavior in protozoa exists at an embryonic stage. For example, predatory ciliates are capable of actively searching for prey. Searching behavior of animals:
Animal behavior is not always a passive reaction to external stimuli. In many cases, having reached a state of specific readiness for some type of activity (for example, readiness for reproduction), it actively searches for stimuli under the influence of which this activity could be carried out.... The search phase ends when the animal reaches a situation in which the next link in this chain of reactions can occur. ... The search phase, like the final act, is built on an innate basis. During ontogenesis, this basis is supplemented by acquired reactions. It is search behavior that is the means of individual adaptation of animals to the environment, and this adaptation is infinitely diverse in its forms.
Here we could draw a fundamental line so as not to call active reactions the dissolution of limestone by acid, and in general all interactions in which we arbitrarily distinguish the active role of something. But in practical terms, this distinction is completely unnecessary. The division into living and nonliving is the lot of philosophers, so we will simply talk about different levels of organization of adaptability to the new, as a result of which the object of our attention turns out to be successful in this or for the observer loses the form of its existence.
Interest is crucial for individual adaptability. Interest and its meaning:
The dependence experienced or perceived by a person on what he needs or what he is interested in gives rise to a focus on the corresponding object. In the absence of something for which a person has a need or interest, a person experiences more or less painful tension, anxiety, from which he naturally strives to free himself. From here, at first, a more or less indefinite dynamic tendency arises, which turns into aspiration when the point towards which everything is directed is already somewhat clearly visible. As trends become objectified, i.e. the object to which they are directed is determined, they become more and more conscious motives of activity, more or less adequately reflecting the objective driving forces of human activity. Since a tendency usually causes activity aimed at satisfying the need or interest that caused it, emerging but inhibited motor moments are usually associated with it, which enhance the dynamic, directed nature of the tendencies.
In ever-expanding contact with the outside world, a person encounters ever new objects and aspects of reality. When, due to certain circumstances, something acquires some significance for a person, it can arouse his interest - a specific personality focus on it.
An attempt to reduce interest to a need, defining it solely as a conscious need, is untenable. Awareness of a need can arouse interest in an object that can satisfy it, but an unconscious need as such is still a need (transforming into a desire), and not an interest.
This is approximately how it is possible to correlate the usual associations from the word “interest” and those processes that are determined by the mechanisms of adaptiveness in the body.
With the change of periods of development in ontogenesis, more and more advanced levels of manifestation of interest arise, repeating in the development of the species, from pre-reflexive to the level of consciousness. The “orienting reflex” turns out to be the boundary of the adaptive gap between the level of consciousness and the previous ones.
The first hereditarily predisposed reactions of exploratory activity in relation to the environment form the primary structures of the brain - in the form of sets of primitives of perception from the outside and action from the other. It is difficult, but we can say that the tracking orientation of the sensory organs embodies the simplest level of manifestation of interest, although for parents observing the child’s reactions this is quite obvious.
Secondary structures are formed in acts of imitation and this period is characterized by the reflex formation of the first skills. This is a period of “trusting learning”, when the skills acquired by parents of the most important and basic methods of survival are transferred to children. At this time, subjective images are formed that are associated with a certain meaning, which is transmitted authoritarianly from parents and is supported by its own system of significance based on recognizers of deviations in homeostasis parameters.
Sufficient maturation of the frontal lobes and the mechanisms for connecting subjective images to them in order to comprehend the most relevant of them characterizes the emergence of a new level - comprehension of what is happening with a subjective voluntary assignment of meaning. A period of initiative arises in which previously perceived norms of behavior are rethought whenever they turn out to be relevant enough for awareness.
Thus, initiative is a manifestation of an arbitrary level of interest.
Authoritarianism directly conflicts with interest as a manifestation of the period of initiative. In many cases, the child begins to realize that, perhaps, previously perceived behavioral stereotypes do not suit him and attempts are made to act differently. Increased skepticism develops, even to the point of complete denial, about what has been perceived authoritarianly, supported by an exciting sense of the possibility of doing it differently.
This feeling of one's new capabilities is the strongest positive emotional factor, supported by successful attempts. Here, stating the superiority of one’s original behavior is the strongest motivating stimulus for the development of volition and initiative. At the same time, too frequent failures and, especially, authoritarian critical assessment can block the motivation for arbitrariness. Motivation, interests, beliefs:
Subjectively - for the person himself - interests are revealed in the positive emotional tone that the process of cognition acquires, in the desire to become more deeply acquainted with an object that has acquired significance, to learn even more about it, to understand it. ... Interests force a person to actively seek ways and means to satisfy his thirst for knowledge and understanding. Satisfying interest in an object of stable significance, as a rule, does not lead to the extinction of interest, but internally rebuilding, enriching and deepening it, causes the emergence of new interests that correspond to a higher level of cognitive activity.
In the general development of voluntariness for a variety of contexts, conditions and circumstances, they begin to highlight what remains highly motivating interest and what is blocked by failures or does not appear at all in the field of conscious attention. This leads to different directions of personal interests. Predominant interests:
Trying to find answers to these questions, we step by step delve into a specific state, in which we simultaneously experience a feeling of some inhibition, abstraction from the place and time of our stay with a high concentration on images recalled from memory, associations that the mind tries to organize in search of non-obvious connections phenomena and our impression, which we express with the exclamation: “That’s what’s interesting!” This means that it’s interesting when you want to find something, understand something, learn something from what makes up the endless world around us.
One of the factors supporting the development of arbitrariness, helping to find an alternative to the authoritarian imposed, is arrogance. And, of course, arrogance introduces a special antagonism between authoritarianism and initiative. Any extreme in this leads to a catastrophic disruption of adaptability at the level of both the individual and society so that the balance is maintained in their confrontation with the correction of the consequences of both excessive authoritarianism and anarchic manifestations of initiative.
The question of the acceptability of an initiative is very context-dependent: for different conditions and circumstances, the balance can be shifted very significantly. This is manifested in the popular phrase: “Initiative is punishable.” IN in its original form the phrase looked somewhat different, namely “in the army, initiative is punishable.” The expression appeared among military personnel and meant that any initiative shown by a junior in rank leads to the fact that he will be forced to implement it, and will also bear full responsibility for possible failure.
An initiative can meet with resistance both from authoritarianism and conflict of interests of other individuals, and cause an internal deviation from the usual. In all cases, this can be overcome by willpower, i.e. realized arbitrariness of choice, which requires the development of a certain skill from complete lack of will to high self-discipline. The implementation of such arbitrariness depends on many subjectively assessed factors (see Laziness).
The social specificity of the manifestation of personal interest and initiative in the conditions of a specific social culture can be traced using the example of the last historical period of Russia's development.
The period from the revolution of 1917 is characterized by extremely high authoritarianism in the imposition of their ideas by the organizers of the revolution, breaking the previous established culture of relationships and forming a new one, in which the main thing was unquestioning submission to the ideals, goals and specific directives of the new doctrine of government. The principle of management was purely voluntaristic and maximally centralized.
In order for someone’s initiative to be accepted and approved, trust in the initiator was necessary, his condition of fanatical loyalty, but even at the same time the initiative was punishable in the sense of the first, military application of this phrase. The hierarchy of power with its centralization leads to the fact that each immediate superior, who turns out to be insufficiently competent in predicting the specifics of an initiative, is forced to trust his subordinate, but at the same time his mistakes are blamed as a complete evil, and not as an inevitable negative result in everything new. Adaptability in this case is functionally lost because their role in assessing the unaccounted factor disappears; they become a more general negative, blocking the desire to take initiative and try something. Even if the mistake could be corrected by taking into account a new factor and doing it more correctly, then after punishment this path becomes dangerous and is avoided.
Although in some particularly important areas the possibility of error is taken into account by the authoritarian authorities, who are ready to make a certain number of mistakes, their competence does not allow them to assess how many errors in this direction are inevitable and a punitive measure of restraint arises from a certain level of tolerance. Not to mention the psychological nuances of relationships, the main thing is that initiative becomes undesirable unless it definitely promises success. The number of initiatives in the development of anything becomes low. As a result, the development of new directions requires extra efforts and increased resources. Otherwise, the style “the best is the enemy of the good” and the corresponding passivity in creativity are established.
Each link of management turns out to be endowed with some authoritarian power, largely irresponsible because the ultimate responsibility falls on the executors (the switchman is to blame). Habitual avoidance of creativity, with the necessary persistence in achieving arbitrariness (arrogance), causes disadaptation of such skills not only individually, but also socially determined. At the same time, the use of voluntaristic power at each level of management turns out to be quite safe for the boss, which provokes many fraudulent actions from theft (everything around is the people’s, everything around is mine) to services for bribes. This becomes an element of the generally accepted culture of imperious irresponsibility so inevitably that all attempts to stop it on the part of the highest authorities turn out to be ineffective.
An example of such a situation is execution for spikelets “Decree on spikelets” and In 1932, the “law on three spikelets” was issued in the USSR:
Perhaps one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Russian peasantry was the time of repression that began after the adoption of the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on August 7, 1932 “On the protection of the property of state enterprises, collective farms and cooperation and the strengthening of public (socialist) property.”
Despite any repression and threats, the theft of what ends up in the zone of authoritarian power of a given level remains practically ineradicable.
As a result of a strong imbalance in the balance of authoritarianism and initiative, several generations of thieves and passive people arose, even at the lowest level (who also did not refrain from stealing what was in their area of responsibility), and any other style of behavior turned out to be incompatible with this. This, in entire important industries, control over which was lost by the highest planning authority, led to a catastrophic lag compared to countries where there was no such terror in relation to the initiative: radio electronics and its components, circuitry, computer technology, household appliances and products, cars, etc. .d.
The military reacted to the scientists' proposal with a fair amount of skepticism. They were not happy about the possible connection of their networks with economic management, because in this case they would take responsibility for the development of the country. One of the authors of the initiative - Soviet scientist, engineer-colonel Anatoly Titov - later recalled that officials were also afraid of becoming unnecessary if their functions were performed by machines.
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It is interesting that the principle of centralizing the system of transmission, storage and processing of data, which, according to Kharkevich, can only function in a socialist state, was contrary to the words of Norbert Wiener, the founder of cybernetics. He believed that his social theory would not strengthen, but rather destroy the vertical system of control, allowing different segments of the population to freely communicate and exchange opinions.
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Scientists proposed to Kosygin a new plan for automating economic planning - now on the basis of a single network separate from the military, specially created for these purposes. The plan, drawn up after studying the work of almost a hundred government organizations, envisaged the construction of 100-200 large data processing centers in large cities, to which approximately 20 thousand small ones would be connected via high-speed communication lines.
...
Glushkov believed that all information should be stored in a central digital structure and retrieved from there almost instantly. Moreover, his system was supposed to manage all processes in the state, right down to automatically creating a daily schedule for each employee.
Glushkov’s proposal immediately found opponents, primarily enterprise managers and officials. They believed that the system would take over their functions and weaken government control over information. Liberals saw it as an attempt by conservatives to centralize the economy as opposed to the gradual introduction of market elements into it.
...
Glushkov faced opposition from departments whose data transmission networks needed to be combined into a single system. They delayed and sabotaged the process in every possible way, shifting responsibility onto each other. The problem was that the plan had to be implemented simultaneously at all enterprises, because if several links were lost, it would be impossible to form a single network.
Science in Russia was and remains organized by the same authoritarian vertical of power with all the ensuing consequences and lag in all sectors that are not specifically supervised at the highest level. All institutions dependent on science (medicine, pedagogy, design bureaus) find themselves in even greater trouble because, in addition to the lag of science itself, there is the influence of authoritarianism itself.
Art also inherits the authoritarian basis of organization in such a way that cinema turns out to be irresistibly conservative and lags behind the new acquisitions of world culture; publishing houses and performing arts are lagging far behind.
After all, it is in creativity, scientific, engineering or artistic, that the most important factor is originality, subjective arbitrariness, which is heuristically associated with that freedom, without which there is no initiative, no cognitive errors and no successes of perfection.
The more attached you become to a person, the more interest you show in him, the more power you give him over you, beginning to depend on him. Of course, I understand that all people are different, there are those who are especially amorous and those who simply become attached to people, often confusing love with obsession, although these two concepts are close to each other. Such is the human essence, such is his natural feature that he either suppresses someone and dominates over this person, or they do the same in relation to him, and it is clear who feels more discomfort. Of course, being dependent is not very good, I would even say that it is terrible, because in this case the person will constantly be left in the dust, and this is not the best and not the most worthy life. With all this, a person who is dependent on another also has a greatly reduced self-esteem, as a result of which it is simply unrealistic to correct anything for the better on his own. Such people often come to a psychologist and ask for help, if, of course, they have the courage to do so, and do not continue to endure a miserable existence.
An experienced psychologist will certainly help, but in principle it is possible to do without him, if from the very beginning you do not show great interest in people, or at least not demonstrate it. It’s not for nothing that the famous Russian poet said: the less we love a woman, the more she likes us. These are truly golden words, but they are not entirely fair to women, who essentially could say the same thing about men, and in general this applies to all human relationships, not just relationships between the sexes. Therefore, loving and generally paying excessive attention to anyone is highly discouraged, and even more so you cannot trust anyone and open up to no one. Of course, if the slobbering melancholic in front of you can do this, he may not take advantage of it, but will he always be like this, because when the person in front of you is in the palm of your hand, it is so tempting to take advantage of this and betray him? Even I could not answer this question with one hundred percent certainty, since I know what attention, respect and love from another makes a person. I know what those who see the weakness of others in relation to themselves and their personality experience, and I have seen many times the consequences of the attachment of one person to another.
If there is such a person in this world whom you can sincerely and passionately love more than anyone else, then it is yourself, so you need to pay more attention to yourself and take better care of yourself, and do everything first of all for yourself. And in general, never compare anyone with yourself, this is an unequal comparison, there is no one better than you and cannot be, and even more so, never consider yourself worse than others, this is generally a crime against yourself. The rest need to be given moderate attention, exactly as much as they deserve, and people deserve little, and all without exception, believe me. There is, of course, a difference between people, if you compare them with each other, someone can and should be respected more, that is, it is beneficial to do this, because we respect strength first of all, and force can always be used. But for some, just any kind of attitude is enough, for which you will already be respected, appreciated and even loved, and that’s right, loved for the fact that you see little in a person and do not value him highly.
In general, if you take a closer look at life, then everything I’m saying now is all so obvious that discussing it from any scientific point of view is even ridiculous, we don’t prove the very fact of life, since it is obvious to us, so here are the nuances of our life is no less obvious. Nevertheless, people have made the same mistakes, and in fact continue to make them to this day, and what can they do if they are brought up with qualities that people in their natural environment cannot possess. There have been so many snotty films alone, but if you watch them constantly, your already weak psyche will become even weaker, and many simply expect from this world what does not happen in it at all. This concerns, of course, primarily the relationships between people who should be somewhat at a distance, but in fact people become attached to other people, and the one who is more attached begins to suffer, which is not surprising, moreover, such a person can be betrayed, and betrayed cruelly . Smooth and balanced relationships should be everywhere and in everything; you cannot open your soul and trust other people, no matter who they are.
A friend is a person who knows more about you than anyone else, and most importantly, knows your weaknesses. A friend has the most opportunities and, most importantly, the temptation to betray you, and if you are friends with someone, you should always know how to destroy your friend if he gets tired of your friendship. Let everyone, without exception, understand that there are certain boundaries of your interests in other people, beyond which you lose this very interest in them, let them value friendship and relationships with you, let them value your attention, let them be afraid that next time you will not pay no attention to them. They must meet your expectations if they want to do business with you. You cannot give your attention in any quantity to everyone without exception, otherwise people will stop appreciating it. All this can be done by simply understanding that you will get more from this behavior than from trying to please everyone or, God forbid, running after someone. People don't value or respect what comes easy to them, including the attention of others.
So, don’t run after anyone and never, don’t allow this to happen, you will kill the person in yourself, you will lose self-confidence and self-respect, and when you don’t respect yourself, no one will respect you. Give other people half the attention that you give to yourself, let the rest be like an unfinished gestalt and only tease people, your attention must be earned - remember this.
A term used in the offering of securities that reflects the interest of a dealer or investor in securities that are still in registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)... Financial and investment explanatory dictionary
MANIFESTING INTERESTED UNDERWRITING CLIENTS- attention of the circle of underwriting clients (guarantor for the placement of new securities) to investments in new securities that will soon be offered for sale. Such expression of interest does not bind either the client or the underwriter... Large economic dictionary
Showing interest in various aspects of sexuality: the structure of the genital organs in men and women, the process of childbirth and the role of father and mother, conversations on sexual topics, reading relevant, including erotic, literature,... ... Sexological encyclopedia
SEXUAL CURIOSITY- showing interest in various aspects of sexuality: the structure of the genital organs of men and women, the role of father and mother in conception and childbirth; focusing on sexual topics, reading relevant, including erotic,... ...
Symptom gestures, involuntary gestures- movements of the arms, legs, head, facial expressions and postures that serve as more or less objective signs of something associated with the subject producing them. These are, for example, gestures such as tapping your fingers on the table (a sign of impatience) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
gestures-symptoms- involuntary gestures, movements of the arms, legs, head, facial expressions and postures that serve as more or less objective signs of something associated with the subject producing them. These are, for example, gestures such as tapping your fingers on... ... Culture of speech communication: Ethics. Pragmatics. Psychology
This article should be Wikified. Please format it according to the rules for formatting articles... Wikipedia
- “To have or to be?” (German: “Haben oder Sein”), a late work by psychoanalyst and Freudo-Marxist philosopher Erich Fromm, published in 1976, exploring issues of the spiritual sphere of man. Erich Fromm characterizes the area of interest of a psychoanalyst as follows: ... ... Wikipedia
be interested- ▲ to feel the need to perceive, to be interested in, to feel the need to perceive something. inquire. interest internal craving for l. activities; focus of attention; need, craving for perception, knowledge of something;... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
This term has other meanings, see The Art of Loving (film). “The Art of Loving” (English: “The Art of loving. An Inquiry into the Nature of Love”), published in 1956, is the work of the psychoanalyst and Freudo-Marxist philosopher Erich... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Formation and development of interest in educational and cognitive activity, A. V. Khoreva. The monograph outlines issues related to the formation, manifestation and development of interest in educational and cognitive activities. The category “interest” itself is considered, highlighting it... eBook
- Games with and in water. Preparatory group for school, Patrikeev Artem Yurievich. The manual describes the technology of conducting outdoor games with children preparatory to school with water and in water with objects and special equipment, aimed at developing interest...
The world has shown interest in learning the Russian language. Over the past 10 years, the statistics have been extremely positive. The number of people studying Russian in Europe is growing steadily. No less activity is observed in Asia.
Today there is a lot of evidence that the Russian language is becoming more and more popular. Until recently, in many foreign schools where the Russian language is studied, this subject was in a very low position. But now the situation has changed, and this discipline has returned to the forefront. This does not happen out of great love for Russia, but rather out of necessity. The reason for this was the rapid development of tourism, business, etc.
In recent years, the number of foreign tourists visiting our country has been growing steadily. At the same time, Russian tourists who vacation, for example, on the coasts of Turkey and Spain and purchase real estate around the world, are also an incentive to learn the Russian language. By the way, Russian menus can now be seen in restaurants in many countries.
“The Russian language has never been the language of business, but now it has become,” says Academician Vitaly Kostomarov, president of the A. S. Pushkin Russian Language Institute, creator of the first textbook on the Russian language in the history of the USSR, which for decades remained the only manual for foreigners. - It wasn’t really the language of tourism, but now it has become. Motivation has changed, and I approach this as a teacher. It’s become more difficult for us Methodists; you can’t get away with just a book.”
The University of Florida published an interesting article on its website, “10 Reasons to Learn Russian.” This publication is intended to interest applicants and attract them to the Department of Slavic Languages. It should be noted that the arguments presented in the printed text were put forward by the foreign side, not the Russian one.
The published article is notable precisely because an outside view is always valuable and interesting information. Of course, Americans look at many things differently. The same applies to the benefits they present that are given to American students studying Russian.
So, let's look carefully at the reasons listed by the foreign authors of the article (the full text of the article can be found on the website http://zavtra.ru/events/10-prichin-izuchat-russkij-yazyik).
1. The American government needs more Russian-speaking specialists: federal agencies have recognized the Russian language as a priority for government needs.
2. Russia is a regional power, and it is returning as a global power. Russia is organizing alliances with former Soviet republics: the Customs Union and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Leading Russian politicians are making proposals for a Eurasian Union uniting post-Soviet states, with a strategy to cover the economic and security spheres. This is expected to be a boost to Russia's economy, foreign policy and military influence in the region.
3. Speak Russian to engage in Russian economics. Russia is one of the largest suppliers (if not the largest) of a variety of natural resources and raw materials, including oil, diamonds, gold, copper, manganese, uranium, silver, graphite and platinum.
4. The Russian language is important for science and technology. According to a recent study, the largest number of scientific publications are published in English, with Russian in second place. This applies to chemistry, physics, geology, mathematics and biology. Innovation in programming, software development and information technology comes from Russian government agencies and private companies.
5. Hundreds of millions of people speak Russian: Russia's population is almost 150 million, just over 50% of the population of the former Soviet Union. The number of Russian speakers in the world is 270 million people.
6. Explore one of the most fascinating cultures: Many of the world's best art traditions were born in Russia. Ballet, theatre, cinema, literature, music and the visual arts are just a few of the areas in which Russians have created great traditions and continue to produce outstanding innovators.
7. The Russian language goes well with many other areas of knowledge: business and Russian, science and Russian, political science or history and Russian, English and Russian, another foreign language and Russian, engineering and Russian, mathematics and Russian, music and Russian. The Russian language gives you opportunities that your fellow students who don't study it don't have.
8. Studying Russian helps you get into post-baccalaureate programs: Students who study Russian are more likely to be accepted into graduate programs at law schools, business schools, medical universities, and other professional programs.
9. Those who study Russian build successful careers. Students who have studied Russian have the opportunity to work in large international organizations.
10. The success of Florida State University's Russian language program has been proven. Students of our program have had internships from the US State Department in Moscow, under the Fulbright program, the Pickering program for bachelors in international relations, and worked at the Department of Defense, the Military Institute of Foreign Languages, and the US State Department. To receive an honors degree, they took part in research in Moscow libraries and archives, served in the Peace Corps, became Rhodes Scholars, and were accepted into master's and graduate programs at prestigious universities (among them were Georgetown, Harvard, Indiana University, and the University of Toronto). .
All the arguments presented in the article look quite convincing. We could formulate some points ourselves, while others are purely American, since they are based exclusively on American reality.
As a rule, different goals are pursued in the process of learning Russian:
. Russian as a means of everyday communication
. business Russian
. Russian for survival
. Russian for a specific industry - professional/technical jargon
. Russian literature
. Russian history
When it comes to practical language acquisition, students who have never studied Russian before must actively immerse themselves in three main areas: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.
For example, the Russian sound [ы], which does not present any difficulty for native speakers, turns into a real nightmare for most foreign students. Another minefield is soft and hard consonants, as they are used in different words, such as "mate" (expletive language) and "mother" (parent), "ber" (take) and "brother" (son of the same parents).
When working with vocabulary, the difficulty lies not only in learning new words, but also in understanding phraseological expressions. For example, native English speakers will have to remember that in the expression “heavy rain” we Russians tend to use the word “strong” rather than “heavy”; “strong tea” for us will sound like “stiff tea” rather than “strong tea” ”, and our grass is not so much “long” as “tall”. In addition, Russians wash their hair (“wash head”) instead of washing their hair (“wash hair”).
In terms of grammar, the most difficult sections are verbs of motion and verb types. Native speakers of Russian, again, do not see any difficulty in this; we use the correct form without thinking: “Now I’m going to work” (on the way to work). But: “Every day I go to work” (perform a daily activity). Or: Every day I go to work on foot and return by taxi” (I don’t use transport). And: “When I’m worried, I walk around the room” (move forward and backward).
If you ask an ordinary Russian speaker to explain why in some cases he/she says “I go” and in others “I go”, he/she will not be able to do it. At more advanced levels, in addition to the “go-walk” pair, students will have to deal in detail with verbs such as: come, go, move away, go, enter, go around, walk, etc.
If we talk about teaching Russian, then each teacher has his own style. However, there are some things in common regarding the methods of learning/teaching Russian. And this is a search for a balance between fluency and literacy. Among Russians there is a tendency towards perfectionism - being critical of ourselves until we achieve 100% correctness. This applies to a wide variety of aspects of Russian life, including education. It can also affect how we approach training others, setting very high expectations of performance.
People who are able to communicate and demonstrate good fluency (speak at a fairly intelligible level), but sometimes make grammatical errors, are considered to speak Russian well. In London there are a very large number of foreigners who show excellent performance in their work, lead a full social life and are successful, despite their imperfect English. Confused endings, punctuation, or imperfect speech with an accent are not necessarily symptoms of poor communication. As some philosophers rightly note: “The only way to avoid mistakes is to do nothing.”
Among modern methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, the communicative method has firmly occupied the central position for decades. Teachers strive to teach the language not as a system (although this is the most important component of the academic content of the program for teaching Russian as a foreign language), but as a communicative environment. This means that in the process of assimilation, students need to remember not only the elements of the language system, but also to develop productive speech skills; they need to speak and listen (i.e., generate and perceive texts) in communicative situations, correctly assessing their conditions and features. In this context, methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language combine a huge number of interactive, communicative and activity-based approaches and forms that make teaching and learning the Russian language effective. Situational learning methods are just such new methods. On the one hand, the theory of cases in teaching methods is well known and developed; on the other hand, it requires regular updating in the context of a changing world, the requirements for the educational system and the needs of students.
This method of teaching Russian as a foreign language is based on communicative approaches and combines the study of common expressions used in everyday situations, as well as a thorough and systematic approach to the study of grammar.
This is very important for learning a language like Russian, which has a system of moods and an unfixed word order, and in which the meaning depends on the endings and order of words.
Communication topics are presented along with corresponding grammatical structures, and the grammar course moves from simple “basic concepts” to more complex issues in a psychologically sound order (e.g. naming objects - describing places - actions with objects - moving from one point to another etc.).
One of the most important principles is to teach our students linguistic means to express themselves in everyday situations through constant training in communication skills and patterns that will enable students to achieve their communication goals.
Foreign students study not only language units, but data about the culture of the country of a particular language. Such data allows you to avoid the so-called “cultural shock”, as well as various kinds of communication failures. Almost all methodologists at the present stage recognize the need to develop linguocultural competence among students studying Russian as a foreign language.
Where is the best place to study Russian in Russia?
Judging by popular opinion, the best places are Moscow State University, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University and the Pushkin State Institute of Russian Language.
What about other countries?
There are people who speak Russian well in Estonia and Finland, Germany and Austria, Italy and Hungary. There are many wonderful Russian language specialists in the USA. Students studying Russian as a foreign language receive very high quality training.
Traditionally, a strong Russian language school has been formed in the Slavic countries - Bulgaria, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. There are also many excellent centers and schools where Russian as a foreign language is taught in China, Vietnam and South Korea.
Currently, much attention is paid to professional support for teachers of Russian as a foreign language abroad in old schools and centers that are being revived or created. Thus, in the near future it is possible to strengthen the position of the Russian language abroad. Teachers will begin to pay more attention to their professional growth and strengthening connections with centers for teaching Russian as a foreign language in Russia.
Soft and rhythmic, Russian is very easy on the ear, and the Cyrillic alphabet definitely evokes a wonderful feeling. Most people who encounter it consider Russian to be one of the most romantic languages they have ever heard. And as far as we know, few would doubt such an excellent assessment.
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The stronger half of humanity has always been drawn to the weaker sex, like a moth to a flame. Despite the fact that these beautiful creatures are so different, both in appearance and in character, they all always attract glances. What is the secret here and what exactly arouses a man’s interest in a woman?
Character of a woman
First of all, the male sex is attracted to the character of a woman, which they want to understand and unravel. After all, not a single man can cry and laugh in a minute, complain about life, that everything is so bad and, without even waiting for consolation, begin to enjoy this “bad life.”
Nowadays, men are very attracted to non-smoking and non-drinking women. It never ceases to amaze them how delicately they present it, so as not to offend anyone around them. For example, in a company where the majority smoke and drink alcohol.
Women with correct speech also do not leave indifferent, who even when angry do not use obscene words, but if they already speak out, then men think that it would be better if she swore.
A woman's view of life
Men are amazed by women's cheerfulness. After all, no matter what the situation arises, a woman will always find a positive side in the current situation. The stronger half would love to do the same, but they have a little trouble with it. In their defense, they write off this behavior as frivolity.
All men are touched by the tenderness and sentimentality that is inherent in every woman. They really like the manifestations of these rice characters. But not everyone is also able to show their feelings in public - after all, they may be considered a weak person.
But what attracts me most in women is unpredictability. Not a single man has ever been able to guess what to expect and when. He hopes for one thing, for example, to go to the cinema, and she will twist everything so much that in the end he becomes an actor.
No man will refuse female care. Although he tries to do the same as she does, he understands perfectly well that he is not good at it.
But a woman’s intuition is probably most striking. No matter how cunning and resourceful a man is, he still cannot outwit his passion.
Although men constantly complain that women spend a lot of money on themselves, when one or the other goes to the grocery store with her, they are always amazed - how can such an amount buy so many products?
Women's logic in the eyes of a man
A man can explain and understand anything in female behavior in his own way - just not her logic. The most striking example is her clothing in cold weather - a short skirt, tights and a seemingly light jacket or sheepskin coat. Although such an outfit attracts attention, at the same time one can see bewilderment and misunderstanding in them - how is this possible?
Mirror. One of the frequently asked questions from men is what can you do for so long in front of the mirror? After all, a woman, even if she is late, will still stop next to him to see if everything is okay. The man can’t even imagine what new things she wants to see there. Even when he tries to repeat such maneuvers himself, he still does not find an answer.
Showing interest from a man
It is not difficult to notice the manifestation of interest in a certain woman by the behavior of the stronger sex. If you know what to look for, then the signs of this will catch your eye. Mostly men are shy. And no matter what they say, each of them experiences a new acquaintance as if doing it for the first time.
At first, the man, without noticing it, begins to preen himself:
- straightens her hair;
- discreetly examines his appearance;
- blows away non-existent specks of dust;
- pretends as if he has lost something and quietly wipes his shoes.
And when the girl he likes takes the first step and at the same time gives some kind of compliment, then his joy will know no bounds.
Interest can also be determined by raised eyebrows. When a man looks in the direction of the woman he likes and makes such a movement, he unconsciously sends a signal of his sympathy.
When dating, a man's insecurity can be identified by his hands placed on his hips. They will remain in this position until he is sure that he is reciprocated with sympathy.
His interest in a certain female representative is revealed by the location of his fingers - the thumbs at such a moment are behind the belt or somewhat hidden in his pocket.
Before meeting someone, you can constantly observe how a man:
- sucks in the stomach;
- straightens his shoulders;
- sticks out his chest.
With such manipulations, he wants to show himself more courageous and strong. In addition, at the same time he gathers his strength to take the first step towards communication.
Every woman can be sure that she is interested when a stranger behaves nobly. Such actions are considered:
- giving up a seat in public transport;
- open and held doors;
- offering some assistance, for example, helping to carry a heavy package.
It is impossible to list all such actions, but they indicate that the man is interested and can behave like a gentleman.
Many women often feel complex about their appearance, but they do it in vain, since they are all beautiful, only each in their own way.
You can find out a little more information by watching the video:
