includes a mixture of hydrocarbons of the most diverse structure. Their molecules are short chains of carbon atoms, long, normal, branched, closed in rings, and multi-ringed. By distillation, various petroleum products: gasoline, jet fuel, lighting kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil."
Properties
In addition to hydrocarbons in compound includes a small amount of oxygen and sulfur compounds and very few nitrogen compounds. Oil and gas found in the bowels of the earth both together and separately. Oil includes a large and complex group of liquid, gaseous and solid hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen, as well as other impurities (nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur).
By properties slightly lighter than water and practically insoluble in it. Since it is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, it does not have a specific boiling point. Among certain properties of oil no color - it varies from light brown, almost colorless, to dark brown, almost black, and by density properties(from mild 0.65-0.70 g/cm3, to severe 0.98-1.05 g/cm3).
There are light (0.65-0.87 g/cm3), medium (0.871-0.910 g/cm3) and heavy (0.910-1.05 g/cm3) oil. Heat of combustion 43.7-46.2 MJ/kg (10,400-11,000 kcal/kg).
Oil is soluble in organic solvents and practically insoluble in water under normal conditions, but can form stable emulsions with it.
Oil composition
Composed of oil They isolate hydrocarbon, asphalt-resin and ash components. Also as part of also secrete porphyrins and sulfur. Hydrocarbons contained in oil are divided into three main groups: methane, naphthenic and aromatic. Methane (paraffin) hydrocarbons are the most chemically stable, while aromatic hydrocarbons are the least stable (they have the minimum hydrogen content). At the same time, aromatic hydrocarbons are the most toxic oil components. The asphalt-resin compound is partially soluble in gasoline: the soluble part is asphaltenes, the insoluble part is resins. Interestingly, in resins the oxygen content reaches 93% of its total amount as part of oil. Porphyrins are nitrogenous compounds of organic origin; they are destroyed at a temperature of 200-250°C. Sulfur present as part of oil either in a free state or in the form of compounds of hydrogen sulfides and mercaptans. Sulfur is the most common corrosive contaminant that must be removed in the refinery. Therefore, the price for high-sulfur oil is much lower than for low-sulfur oil.
Ash part of the composition- This is the residue obtained when it is burned, consisting of various mineral compounds.
Raw and its characteristics
They call it raw oil obtained directly from wells. When leaving the oil reservoir, it contains rock particles, water, as well as salts and gases dissolved in it. These impurities cause corrosion of equipment and serious difficulties during transportation and processing of petroleum raw materials. Thus, for export or delivery to oil refineries remote from production sites, it is necessary industrial crude oil processing: water, mechanical impurities, salts and solid hydrocarbons are removed from it, gas is released. Gas and the lightest hydrocarbons must be separated from composition of crude oil, because they are valuable products and may be lost during storage. In addition, the presence of light gases during transportation of crude oil through the pipeline can lead to the formation of gas bags on elevated sections of the route. Purified from impurities, water and gases crude oil supplied to oil refineries (refineries), where during the processing process various types of petroleum products are obtained from it. Quality like crude oil and petroleum products, obtained from it, is determined by its composition: it is this that determines the direction of processing and affects the final products.
The most important characteristics of the properties of crude oil are: density, sulfur content, fractional composition, as well as viscosity and content of water, chloride salts and mechanical impurities.
Oil density, depends on the content of heavy hydrocarbons such as paraffins and resins. To express it it is used as relative oil density, expressed in g/cm3, and oil density, expressed in American Institute - API units, measured in degrees.
Relative density = mass of compound / mass of water
API = (141.5/relative density) - 131.5,
Based on density, one can roughly judge the hydrocarbon composition crude and petroleum products, since its significance for hydrocarbons of different groups is different. A higher crude gravity indicates a higher aromatic hydrocarbon content, while a lower crude gravity indicates a higher paraffinic hydrocarbon content. Hydrocarbons of the naphthenic group occupy an intermediate position. Thus, the density value will to a certain extent characterize not only the chemical composition and origin of the product, but also its quality. The highest quality and most valuable are light varieties raw(Russian Siberian. The lower the density crude oil, the easier the process of its processing and the higher the quality of the petroleum products obtained from it.
According to the sulfur content, raw materials in Europe and Russia are divided into low sulfur (up to 0.5%), sulfur (0.51-2%) and high sulfur (more than 2%), in the USA - sweet (up to 0.5%), medium sweet/medium sour (0.51-2% ) and sour (more than 2%). The classification adopted in the USA, which seems unusual at first glance, is, however, directly related to taste. In the early days of mining in Pennsylvania, the kerosene obtained from it was used as lamp oil for indoor lighting. Kerosene with a high sulfur content gave a disgusting smell when burned, so kerosene with a low sulfur content and a sweet taste was more valued. This is where this terminology comes from.
Oil is a mixture of several thousand chemical compounds, most of which are a combination of carbon and hydrogen atoms - hydrocarbons; each of these compounds is characterized by its own boiling point, which is the most important physical property of oil, widely used in the oil refining industry. At each boiling stage, certain compounds evaporate, a process called petroleum distillation. Compounds that evaporate within a given temperature range are called fractions, and the starting and ending temperatures of boiling are called fraction boiling limits or boiling limits. Fractions boiling up to 350°C are called light distillates. The fraction that boils above 350°C is the residue after the selection of light distillates and is called fuel oil. Fuel oil and fractions obtained from it are dark. The names of the factions are assigned depending on the direction of their further use.
Usually, raw oil contains the following fractions from which the main oil products are then obtained:
The different ones differ greatly in composition. Light oil usually contains more gasoline, naphtha and kerosene, while heavy oil contains more gas oil and fuel oil. The most common are those with a gasoline content of 20-30%.
The presence of mechanical impurities in the composition crude oil explained by the conditions of its occurrence and methods of extraction. Mechanical impurities consist of particles of sand, clay and other hard rocks, which, settling on the surface of the water, contribute to the formation of an oil emulsion. In settling tanks, tanks and pipes, when heated, the raw part of the mechanical impurities settles on the bottom and walls, forming a layer of dirt and solid sediment. At the same time, the equipment is reduced, and when sediment is deposited on the walls of the pipes, their thermal conductivity decreases. The mass fraction of mechanical impurities up to 0.005% inclusive is assessed as their absence.
Viscosity is determined by the structure of the hydrocarbons that make up the oil, i.e. their nature and relationship, it characterizes properties of spraying and pumping and petroleum products: the lower the viscosity of the liquid, the easier it is to transport it through pipelines and process it. This characteristic is especially important for determining the quality of oil fractions obtained during processing and the quality of standard lubricating oils. The higher the viscosity of oil fractions, the higher their boiling point.
Oil, processing technology.
Processing technology- the production of petroleum products used in various sectors of the economy, mainly in transport, energy, and the chemical industry, at the primary stage of processing is associated with its dehydration and desalting. During primary processing using various technologies, the task is to maximize the extraction of light fractions, which include all fractions except fuel oil. Due to the fact that the distillation fractions have different properties, the finished standardized products are produced by compounding (mixing technology) in a commodity park. Samples of the resulting mixtures are sent for laboratory analysis, where their properties are determined. For gasoline this is the octane number, for fuel oil - density, viscosity, etc. Based on these data, a passport for the product batch is drawn up, indicating the brand and all analysis results.
The fuels and lubricants produced using the technology pass through a quality control system carried out by independent laboratories. When changing the processing technology parameters, product certification must be carried out.
Origin
History of oil. Oil is a flammable oily liquid belonging to the group of sedimentary rocks along with sands, clays and limestones; It has an exceptionally high calorific value: during combustion it releases significantly more thermal energy than other combustible mixtures. Origin and natural gas comes from the remains of ancient plants and animals deposited on the seabed. The main factors that determine the density of crude oil are temperature and pressure during its formation.
In most sedimentary basins it becomes lighter with increasing depth. Older rocks and deep-lying strata are characterized by high density values, and younger ones - by low ones. Density determines the value of oil.
Mining history dates back to the 6th millennium BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. The first method of extraction is collection from the surface of reservoirs, which was used in Media, Babylonia and Syria before our era.
According to experts, it will remain the most important energy carrier in the next 20-30 years. In the case of stable development of the oil market, world consumption will increase by 1.8% per year until 2025. Accordingly, total consumption will increase to 115 million per day by 2025.
A mineral that is an oily liquid. It is a flammable substance and is often black in color, although the color of oil varies from area to area. It can be brown, cherry, green, yellow, and even transparent. From a chemical point of view, oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an admixture of various compounds, for example, sulfur, nitrogen and others. Its smell can also be different, as it depends on the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds in its composition.
Hydrocarbons, which make up oil, are chemical compounds consisting of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms. In general, the hydrocarbon formula is C x H y. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, its formula is CH 4 (it is shown schematically on the right). Methane is a light hydrocarbon, always present in oil.
Depending on the quantitative ratio of the various hydrocarbons that make up oil, its properties also vary. Oil can be transparent and fluid like water. And it can be black and so viscous and inactive that it does not flow out of the vessel, even if it is turned over.
From a chemical point of view, ordinary (traditional) oil consists of the following elements:
- Carbon – 84%
- Hydrogen – 14%
- Sulfur – 1-3% (in the form of sulfides, disulfides, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur itself)
- Nitrogen – less than 1%
- Oxygen – less than 1%
- Metals – less than 1% (iron, nickel, vanadium, copper, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, etc.)
- Salts – less than 1% (calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.)
Oil(and the accompanying hydrocarbon gas) lies at depths from several tens of meters to 5-6 kilometers. At the same time, only gas is found at depths of 6 km and below, and only oil is found at depths of 1 km and above. Most reservoirs are found at depths between 1 and 6 km, where oil and gas occur in varying combinations.
Oil lies in rocks called reservoirs. Reservoir- is a rock capable of containing fluids, i.e. mobile substances (this can be oil, gas, water). To put it simply, a reservoir can be thought of as a very hard and dense sponge, the pores of which contain oil.
ORIGIN OF OIL
Oil formation is a very, very long process. It goes through several stages and, according to some estimates, takes 50-350 million years.
The most proven and generally accepted today is theory of organic origin of oil or, as it is also called, biogenic theory. According to this theory, oil was formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived millions of years ago in vast water basins (mainly in shallow waters). As these microorganisms died, they formed layers with a high content of organic matter at the bottom. The layers, gradually sinking deeper and deeper (let me remind you, the process takes millions of years), were influenced by the increasing pressure of the upper layers and rising temperatures. As a result of biochemical processes occurring without access to oxygen, organic matter was converted into hydrocarbons.
Some of the resulting hydrocarbons were in a gaseous state (the lightest), some in a liquid state (heavier) and some in a solid state. Accordingly, a mobile mixture of hydrocarbons in gaseous and liquid states, under the influence of pressure, gradually moved through permeable rocks towards lower pressure (usually upward). The movement continued until they encountered a thick layer of impenetrable layers on their way and further movement was impossible. This is the so-called trap, formed by the reservoir layer and the impermeable capstone layer covering it (figure on the right). In this trap, a mixture of hydrocarbons gradually accumulated, forming what we call oil field. As you can see, the deposit is not actually place of birth. It's more likely locality. But, be that as it may, the practice of naming has already developed.
Since the density of oil is generally much less than the density of the water that is always present in it (evidence of its marine origin), the oil invariably moves upward and accumulates above the water. If gas is present, it will be at the very top, above the oil.
In some areas, oil and hydrocarbon gas, without encountering a trap on their way, reached the surface of the earth. Here they were exposed to various surface factors, as a result of which they were dispersed and destroyed.
HISTORY OF OIL
Oil known to man since ancient times. People have long noticed the black liquid oozing from the ground. There is evidence that already 6,500 years ago, people living in the territory of modern Iraq added oil to building and cementing materials when building houses to protect their homes from moisture penetration. The ancient Egyptians collected oil from the surface of the water and used it in construction and for lighting. Oil was also used to seal boats and as part of a mummifying agent.
During the times of ancient Babylon, there was quite an intensive trade in this “black gold” in the Middle East. Some cities even then literally grew up on the oil trade. One of the seven wonders of the world, famous Hanging Gardens of Ceramids(according to another version - Hanging Gardens of Babylon), also could not do without the use of oil as a sealing material.
Not everywhere oil was collected only from the surface. In China, more than 2000 years ago, small wells were drilled using bamboo trunks with a metal tip. Initially, the wells were designed to produce salt water, from which salt was extracted. But when drilling to greater depths, oil and gas were extracted from the wells. It is not known whether oil found use in ancient China, only that gas was set on fire to evaporate water and extract salt.
About 750 years ago, the famous traveler Marco Polo, in his description of his travels to the East, mentions the use of oil by the inhabitants of the Absheron Peninsula as a cure for skin diseases and fuel for lighting.
The first mention of oil in Russia dates back to the 15th century. Oil was collected from the surface of the water on the Ukhta River. Just like other peoples, it was used here as a medicine and for household needs.
Although, as we see, oil has been known since ancient times, it has found rather limited use. The modern history of oil begins in 1853, when Polish chemist Ignatius Łukasiewicz invented a safe and easy-to-use kerosene lamp. According to some sources, he discovered a way to extract kerosene from oil on an industrial scale and founded an oil refinery in 1856 in the vicinity of the Polish city of Ulaszowice.
Back in 1846, Canadian chemist Abraham Gesner figured out how to produce kerosene from coal. But oil made it possible to obtain cheaper kerosene and in much larger quantities. The growing demand for kerosene, used for lighting, created a demand for the starting material. This was the beginning of the oil industry.
According to some sources, the first in the world oil well was drilled in 1847 near the city of Baku on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Soon after, so many oil wells were drilled in Baku, then part of the Russian Empire, that it became known as the Black City.
However, 1864 is considered to be the birth of the Russian oil industry. In the fall of 1864, in the Kuban region, a transition was made from the manual method of drilling oil wells to the mechanical shock-rod method using a steam engine as a drilling rig drive. The transition to this method of drilling oil wells confirmed its high efficiency on February 3, 1866, when the drilling of well 1 at the Kudakinsky field was completed and a gush of oil began to flow from it. This was the first oil gusher in Russia and the Caucasus.
Start date of industrial world oil production, according to most sources, is considered to be August 27, 1859. This is the day when the first oil well in the United States, drilled by “Colonel” Edwin Drake, produced an influx of oil with a recorded flow rate. This 21.2-meter-deep well was drilled by Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania, where water drilling was often accompanied by oil shows.
News of the discovery of a new source of oil by drilling a well spread through the Titusville area like wildfire. By that time, processing, experience with kerosene and the appropriate type of lamp for lighting had already been developed. Drilling an oil well made it possible to gain fairly cheap access to the necessary raw materials, thus adding the final element to the birth of the oil industry.
To understand why water does not burn, you first need to remember what the combustion process itself is. Chemistry says: combustion is a chemical process of oxidation, during which a large amount of heat is released.
To be more precise in formulation, combustion can be defined as a very rapid combination of a chemical element with oxygen (this is called oxidation). As you know, each chemical substance has its own formula. For water, this is the formula H 2 O, that is, hydrogen oxide.
Thus, it is already clear from the name and composition of the formula: water is a combustion product, because the hydrogen in its composition has already reacted with oxygen and oxidized (burnt). Hydrogen atoms in water molecules are not free; they are bound to oxygen atoms.
But to say that water cannot burn in principle is not entirely true. To burn, water needs contact with an even stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. Such an oxidizing agent, for example, is fluorine, with which both hydrogen and oxygen present in water react. True, you can only see how this combustion occurs in laboratory conditions.
The bond between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms weakens, fluorine, as an aggressive electronegative element, displaces oxygen from its compound, and as a result, hydrogen fluoride and oxygen are formed.
Why can't an oil fire be extinguished with water?
You have probably seen more than once in movies or news broadcasts how oil spilled on the surface of the sea burns. The expression “over the surface” was not chosen by chance: oil in its properties is much lighter than water, and during a spill it does not mix with it, but rises to its surface.
This is why oil cannot be extinguished with water - foam, powder, and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used to extinguish burning oil products. The main task of the contents of the fire extinguisher is to stop the access of air to the burning oil.
Why can't a kerosene fire be extinguished with water?
For the same reason: kerosene is obtained by distillation or rectification of oil, and oil, as we remember, is a substance that is much lighter than water.
The density of kerosene is also much lower than the density of water, and if you pour water on burning kerosene, it will simply instantly rise to the surface and continue to burn.
Why can't a gasoline fire be extinguished with water?
Gasoline is made from oil, and its properties in relation to water and the combustion process are similar: it burns on the surface of water. Moreover, the more the water spreads, which is used to extinguish burning gasoline, the wider the flame spreads.
If you don’t have a fire extinguisher at hand, you can use sand, soda, earth, thick fabric, or blankets to extinguish gasoline. 
If you see, for example, the sea burning, you should know: there are petroleum products in the water in this area. In all other cases, the sea burning in the natural environment is just a fantasy, as in the old and favorite children's poems: “And the foxes took matches, went to the blue sea, lit the blue sea.”
“Firing a furnace with oil is the same as heating it with banknotes.” DI. Mendeleev.
“The price of oil is breaking new records” - this has been the latest headlines in the press for probably the last six months. What exactly is oil? Not every journalist will write about this. Many, for example, are sure that only fuel can be made from oil. But this is far from true. Here I have listed some quite informative facts.
Barrel from English. barrel - lit.: barrel - a unit of volume used in the oil industry of a number of countries, equal to 42 American gallons; there is a simple barrel equal to 119.24 liters, an oil barrel equal to 158.76 liters; in the UK it is 163.65 liters.
The term "crude oil" means oil that has not been processed.
Standard ratio of components in crude oil: carbon - 84%, hydrogen - 14%, sulfur - from 1 to 3%, nitrogen - less than 1%, hydrogen - less than 1%, metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper , arsenic), salts - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride).
Oil is not only black, but also colorless, green, brown, yellow, and red. In addition, each color has its own shades.
The highest quality and most valuable are light grades of crude oil (Russian Siberian Light). The lower the density of crude oil, the easier the process of oil refining and the higher the quality of the petroleum products obtained from it.
Even one barrel of oil contains a gigantic amount of energy. It is equal to approximately 20 thousand man-hours of work. One hundred people must work 7 hours a day without days off for a whole month (say, harvesting crops) in order to expend the amount of energy contained in one barrel of oil.
Oil is a complex mixture of substances - mainly liquid hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen molecules of different lengths and different structures.
Chemists use hydrocarbons for two reasons:
Hydrocarbons contain a lot of energy. Many products are derived from crude oil, such as gasoline, diesel, paraffin wax, etc. provide us with energy.
Hydrocarbons can take many different forms.
The smallest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4), a gas lighter than air. Longer chain hydrocarbons with five or more carbons are liquid. Very long chains are solids such as wax and resin.
History of the discovery of oil
The first written mention of the presence of oil in Russia dates back to the 16th century, when it was discovered off the banks of the Ukhta River, which flows in the northern part of the Timan-Pechora region. Then it was collected from the surface of the river and used as a remedy, and since this substance had oily properties, it was also used as a lubricant.
The first oil well was drilled in 1859 in the US state of Pennsylvania by a group of entrepreneurs led by Edwin Drake.
What is made from oil
Different types of crude oil are used to make most other products because they contain hydrocarbons. Almost any material can be chemically produced from hydrocarbons, from synthetic rubber to nylon and even plastic.
Only half of every barrel of oil produced is converted into gasoline, while the other half is used to produce a wide variety of goods. So the rise in inflation is not only due to rising gasoline prices.
The most famous petroleum products are fuels: gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and fuel oils. Liquefied gas is produced from oil for domestic needs. Synthetic fibers are produced from petroleum and are used in fabrics. More than a thousand lubricating oils are produced from petroleum. Oil is necessary for asphalt surfaces of roads and roofs of buildings. Wax and oil-containing synthetic detergents are made from oil. Synthetic ammonia and petroleum-containing pesticides are also made from oil. Petroleum is used to produce petrochemicals, which are feedstocks for other chemicals such as plastics and synthetic fibers.
Synthetic foam rubber, plastic tiles, films and detergents are also made from petroleum products.
Computers consist of 80-90% of the final product from oil. DVDs and CDs are made using oil!
According to the method of oil refining, there are:
1) Primary processing. During distillation, petroleum products are divided into gasoline (motor and aviation), jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Fuel oil, in turn, serves as the starting product for the production of distillate oils, paraffin, bitumen and liquid boiler fuel. The concentrate remaining after distillation - tar - is used for road and construction coatings.
2) There is also secondary oil refining. It includes changing the structure of hydrocarbons and obtaining functional derivatives, into which oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine and other chemical elements are introduced. Petroleum recycling produces the raw materials that form the basis of products such as synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, various detergents and dyes.
Economy and oil prices
With oil prices above $80 per barrel, many alternative energy sources, including biofuels, have become cost-effective. The time has come to invest in alternative energy sources.
At the current level of oil prices, primary consumption in 2008-2010 in the United States may decrease by 10-12%, or about 2-2.5 million barrels per day - this is how much oil is produced by, for example, Iraq, Iran or Venezuela. Such savings cannot but affect the price.
If since 1980 the total energy consumption in the world has increased by more than 60%, then nuclear - by 260%, and alternative - by 800%
Since 1980, the share of oil and gas in the global energy balance has decreased from 65.8 to 59.7%, the share of coal has increased from 25 to 26.3%, nuclear and alternative - from 9.2 to 14%. And this trend is accelerating along with rising prices.
In the 70s of the last century, the geopolitical trigger for the price jump was the Arab-Israeli conflicts and the embargo on oil imports to the United States, the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq-Iran War. In the current decade - the deployment of US troops to Iraq, constant threats from Israel and the United States to launch a pre-emptive strike on Iran, the escalation of political adventurism in Venezuela, lawlessness in Nigeria, the situation with Indonesia's withdrawal or non-exit from OPEC. The result is always the same: the “man-made” part of the price of black gold is inflated. As soon as political tensions subside, the price tends to the balance sheet.
During the entire current “oil era” (mostly over the last 70 years), approximately 950 billion barrels of oil have been burned in the world. Currently, about 30 billion barrels of oil are burned worldwide each year (about 80 million barrels per day).
Theory of the origin of oil
Scientists have not yet come to a consensus on what kind of resource oil is: exhaustible or inexhaustible.
Some scientists, mainly in Russia and Ukraine, adhere to the abiotic theory of the origin of oil. According to it, oil is constantly formed in the deep layers of the Earth, and then gradually rises to the surface, filling the oil fields known to us. If so, then there is nothing to worry about - there will always be oil in any quantities we need. Unfortunately, this is most likely not the case.
Geography and global oil reserves
The remaining oil reserves in the world (excluding fields that may be discovered in the future) do not exceed 1,150 billion barrels (2004, according to British Petroleum).
The Persian Gulf contains 60 percent of the world's oil reserves. Saudi Arabia controls 25 percent, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq each control about 10. The Caspian Sea region contains about 15 percent of the world's oil reserves.
According to a recent study by the US Federal Energy Commission, the volume of new deposits found in the world per year is half as much as the amount of oil burned during the same period (according to independent experts - even four times less), and this ratio continues to worsen from year to year.
Most oil is concentrated in Asia, the Near and Middle East, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. The largest deposits are also in North and South America and the North Sea off the coast of Europe.
The Organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960. Currently, 11 countries are members of OPEC: Algeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia. OPEC headquarters is Vienna, Austria. OPEC countries supply about 40% of the total global oil supply to the world market. Only the founding states and those countries whose applications for admission were approved by OPEC's highest body, the Conference, can be full members of OPEC.
Oil exports form the basis of the economy of many countries. Thus, Saudi Arabia is the largest producer and exporter of oil. The country has 25% of the world's reserves of this resource. Control over oil and gas fields belongs to the state-owned Saudi Aramco (the largest oil company in the world).
The largest oil exporting countries in the world:
Saudi Arabia 9.0 million barrels per day.
Russia 6.4 million barrels per day.
Norway 2.8 million barrels per day.
Iran 2.72 million barrels per day.
United Arab Emirates 2.4 million barrels per day.
Kuwait 2.3 million barrels per day.
Venezuela 2.1 million barrels per day.
Algeria 1.8 million barrels per day.
Mexico 1.75 million barrels per day.
Libya 1.5 million barrels per day.
Table top5 - ranking of world leaders in oil consumption (according to the Energy Information Administration). Click to view.
Better statistics can be
Well, and finally, a few little-known facts about oil:
0.82 m is the edge of a cube, which will accommodate all the oil consumed in 2005 on average per 1 inhabitant of the Earth.
11.37 m is the edge of a cube, which will accommodate the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia on average per 1 resident of this country.
4.05 m is the edge of the cube, which will accommodate the average Russian oil reserve per 1 resident of the Russian Federation.
0.28 m is the edge of a cube, which will accommodate the steel produced per year on average per 1 inhabitant of the Earth.
0.03 m - the edge of the cube, where the world reserve of uranium is placed; 9.33 m - the edge of the cube, where the world reserve of coal is placed on average per 1 inhabitant of the Earth.
It is more profitable to buy gasoline at night than during the day, because at low temperatures its density increases, so for the same volume of fuel there will be more :-).
One drop of oil makes 25 liters of water undrinkable. Oil spreads over the surface of the water in a thin layer. Protect the environment! It was no coincidence that she hid the oil underground - away from human eyes!
