Born on November 17, 1895 in the village of Verkhnyaya Techa, now Kataysky district, Kurgan region. Graduated from a teacher's seminary.
In the army since 1916. In 1916 he graduated from the Chuguev Military School. Participant of the 1st World War, ensign.
Civil War participant; commander of a platoon, company and rifle regiment on the Eastern and Southern fronts. In 1919, he was appointed commander of the 85th Special Rifle Brigade. Together with her, they crossed the Sivash and stormed Perekop. In 1924 he completed the courses for command and political personnel, in 1929 - the “Shot” course.
He took part in the fighting in Spain as an adviser to the commander of the Army Group of the Central-Southern Zone.
Participant in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940 as commander of a rifle corps.
On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War from June 1941 as commander of a rifle corps; participated in the defense of Leningrad. Then he commanded the 55th and 21st armies (Leningrad and Southwestern fronts). From August 1942 - commander of the 64th (from May 1943 - 7th Guards) Army. The 64th Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Shumilov, held back Hoth's 4th Tank Army on the distant approaches to Stalingrad for almost a month. Thanks to the perseverance of soldiers and officers, as well as the thoughtful and courageous actions of the army commander, industrial enterprises continued to operate in the south of Stalingrad (now the Kirov and Krasnoarmeysky districts of Volgograd). Army warriors
M.S. Shumilova captured the fascist General Paulus, his headquarters and tens of thousands of soldiers and officers. In the further part of the army under the command of Shumilov they took part in the Battle of Kursk, the crossing of the Dnieper, the Kirovograd, Iasi-Kishinev, and Budapest operations, the liberation of Romania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal was awarded to Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov on October 26, 1943 for his skillful leadership of military formations during the crossing of the Dnieper and the personal courage and heroism shown.
In 1948 he graduated from the Higher Academic Courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff. Commanded the troops of the White Sea (1948-1949) and Voronezh (1949-1955) military districts. In 1956-1958 Colonel General Shumilov M.S. v retired. Since 1958 in the Group of Inspectors General of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 3rd and 4th convocations.
Lived in Moscow. Died June 28, 1975. He was buried in Volgograd, on Mamayev Kurgan. Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, 4 Orders of the Red Banner, 2 Orders of Suvorov 1st degree, Orders of Kutuzov 1st degree, Red Star, “For Service to the Motherland in the USSR Armed Forces” 3rd degree, medals, foreign awards. Honorary citizen of the cities of Volgograd (May 4, 1970) and Bratislava (Slovakia).
A street in Volgograd is named after him. In Moscow, on the house where he lived (Leningradsky Prospekt, 75), and in Shadrinsk, memorial plaques were installed.
I REMEMBER HOW GRANDMOTHER BAKED PIES FOR SHUMILOV, WHO WAS VISITING WITH US
06.05.2005
On January 31, a message came from the headquarters of the 64th Army of the Don Front that made everyone excited: the commander of the 6th Army, Field Marshal General Friedrich Paulus, his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Arthur Schmidt, the first adjutant, Colonel Adam, and a group of staff officers had been captured. The first short interrogation of the field marshal took place in Beketovka, in the largest house in the area with carved shutters and a porch. In the winter of 1943, the headquarters of General Shumilov was located there.
Much water has passed under the bridge since then. But the house is standing. It still has carved shutters and a carved roof, although the porch is no longer there. But this does not spoil the house. Despite its age, it still stands out against the backdrop of small wooden houses growing into the ground. And its size is in no way inferior to modern brick cottages.
Now the great-great-grandson of the man who built the house, Valery Viktorovich Kovalev, lives here with his family. From a conversation with him, I realized that he takes great care of the house built by his great-great-grandfather. “We are repairing and maintaining this house as best we can, because we know that we can live in it,” says Valery Viktorovich. “I repaired the rubble about three years ago, trimmed it with stainless steel, but the “metal workers” tore everything up by the roots. Only slate remained, and They took all the non-ferrous metal. Now I’m going to change the fence and gates.”
Valery Viktorovich’s grandmother told him a story connected with his house. Many moments were already in his memory, for example, how after the war General Shumilov and his comrades came to visit them every year. “I was still very little then. I remember how my grandmother baked pies for them. They would come, they would definitely sit at the table, have a drink... Then, after Shumilov’s death, his daughter came to us. She came several times, and then no one came I remember from childhood that there were buses with tourists standing here right up to the bathhouse (about a hundred meters from the house - author’s note). The guide told the story of how Paulus was interrogated here.”
Do you have any personal archives, maybe some photographs or something else?
There is nothing. We had antique furniture, pre-war, which witnessed Paulus’ interrogation. But it was taken away from us when the Battle of Stalingrad panorama museum was built. But the headsets there were so good! Not poor people lived in this house. After all, my great-grandfather was the manager of a furniture factory, now it is a plant named after. Yermana. He had the largest house in Beketovka. That is why Headquarters was located here.
Nevertheless, Shumilov was worried that they were taking the field marshal to interrogate not the richest apartments...
I don’t know where Paulus was before and after the interrogation, but somewhere opposite our house there was an officer’s mess. My grandmother told me this.
(Perhaps this is the same dining room in which, after the interrogation, Shumilov and Paulus dined. The transcript of the interrogation included the phrase Shumilov said to the translator: “Translate to the field marshal that I am inviting him now to have a meal, after which he will go to the front headquarters.” In various historical sources say that Paulus refused to have lunch. And General Shumilov himself understood that sitting at the same table with Paulus was a sensitive issue. He even consulted on the phone with the commander of the Don Front, Marshal Rokossovsky. After listening to Shumilov, he joked: “ They managed to capture and interrogate, but it’s difficult to organize a “reception.” I advise you to have lunch with the field marshal. Let him know that we already know how to not only fight well, but also treat prisoners decently.”
THE GENERAL AND HIS ARMY
05/11/2005 Volgograd.
On the eve of Victory Day, a monument to Major General, Commander of the 64th Army Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov was unveiled. It is installed in the center of the Kirovsky district opposite the Avangard cinema, just against the background of a marble stele to the soldiers of the 64th Army. As the veterans said at the ceremonial meeting on the occasion of the opening of the monument, now the general and his army are nearby.During the life of General Shumilov, this sculpture was created in bronze by Volgograd sculptor Lev Maistrenko, but only visitors to the Battle of Stalingrad panorama museum could see it. This is where she is now. And the bust installed in the Kirov region is only an enlarged copy of this sculpture.
The monument was made from modern composite materials, and a team of authors worked on it. The monument was erected for donations.
For reference: in the Kirovsky district there is a street named after. General Shumilov.
In the spring of 2011, on the eve of Victory Day, in the homeland of Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov, in the city of Kataysk, on the territory of a memorial complex erected in memory of fellow countrymen who participated in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, busts were erected to natives of the Kataysk region who were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Documentary film "Commander".
Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel General
...The general is in a hurry. Every now and then he hurries the driver, and the lively “Jeep”, bypassing the traffic jams that arise on the roads, rushes towards the Don. Steppe dust trails behind the car like a black trail.
The general retreated into himself, into his anxious thoughts. Now the “Jeep” will deliver him to the Logovsky-Don farm, where the headquarters of the 64th Army, now “his army,” is hidden in the greenery. He shakes off the road dust and introduces himself in a deep voice: “Shumilov.”
Only after a short pause will he add in a ringing Ural accent: “I should say something about myself, but it’s not the time. Urgent matters await. We’ll get to know each other as we work.”Then there will be a substantive conversation at the operational map. Getting to know the situation. The first calls to the command posts of divisions and brigades. The first urgent orders... Only in the evening, when the July heat has subsided and the annoying “messers” and “ramas” have subsided, he will gather the headquarters workers in the shade of the trees. The army commander will only talk about the main thing, about what is most worrying the defenders of the Soviet South, the entire party, the entire country. He will talk about order No. 227, which is destined to become the military order of the Motherland for his army.
It was getting dark quickly. From beyond the Don came the dull rumbles of artillery fire. The first night was approaching on the new front. And that night the army commander did not sleep a wink.
11.11.2005
He was born in the Ural village of Verkhtechenskoye, in the Shadrinsky district of the Kurgan region, 5 years before the onset of the new century. The family of a poor peasant survived, as they say, from bread to kvass. But, despite the difficult conditions that developed in the family after the death of his father, his mother did everything to ensure that Mikhail received an education. The boy grew up capable of science. He graduated with honors from a rural school and received a zemstvo scholarship to enter a teachers' seminary. I went there with great desire, apparently considering the teaching profession to be one of the most honorable. However, he did not have time to graduate from the seminary - he was drafted into the army.
At first, Shumilov completed a course of study at the Chuguev Military School, and in March 1917 he was sent to the front with the rank of junior officer. There he is caught by the news of the victory of the October Revolution. Without hesitation, he accepts the revolution as his own and remains its faithful soldier until the end of his life. At the end of the same year, Shumilov was demobilized as a teacher, and he returned to his native village to take up the job for which he was preparing himself. It turned out that the village was ruled by the king’s proteges - the foreman and the headman. Shumilov is indignant and tries to establish Soviet power, but the kulaks threaten him with violence. Over time, front-line soldiers returned to the village, filled with the air of revolution. Led by Shumilov, they establish Soviet power in Verkhtechenskoye.
Then he is sent to land surveying courses. Here he joins the party.
Studies had to be interrupted - a Czechoslovak rebellion arose, supported by the reactionary Cossacks and the bourgeoisie. Having military experience, Shumilov organizes a volunteer detachment, which soon joins the 4th Ural Regiment of the Red Army. The head of the detachment is elected company commander. Then he commanded the 4th Ural Regiment, which, under his command, participated in the liberation of Perm, Nevyansk, Shadrinsk and other cities and villages of the Urals and Western Siberia.
In the summer of 1920, the regiment as part of the 85th Special Brigade was sent to the Southern Front to eliminate Wrangel's troops. The regiment is preparing for the assault on Perekop. In the first battle, Shumilov is seriously wounded. The powerful organism wins, and he returns to duty and devotes all his knowledge and experience accumulated in the battles of the Civil War to the task of training soldiers.
When the fascist threat loomed over Republican Spain, M.S. Shumilov is sent there as a military adviser. It is unlikely that he thought that he would soon meet with the fascists who attacked his homeland.
The 11th Rifle Corps, which after returning from Spain was commanded by M.S. Shumilov, on June 22, 1941, entered into battle with fascist German troops who crossed the state border. Under enemy pressure, the corps retreats to Leningrad. Here Mikhail Stepanovich is appointed commander of the 55th Army of the Leningrad Front...
And now a new assignment - the Stalingrad Front. M.S. Shumilov takes command of the 64th Army.
Best of the day
The new commander faced a difficult task. The turn of the 4th Panzer Army towards the open flank of the 64th Army put the defenders in a critical position. The enemy was counting on the surprise of the advance of tank and motorized troops and the powerful support of the air fleet. This calculation was not groundless. The enemy had only a sparse chain of troops of the 51st Army in front of him and broke through it with the strength of his 8 divisions. After the enemy occupied Kotelnikovo, General Shumilov clearly felt how great the danger was not only for the left flank of the army, but also for the entire rear of the main forces of the Stalingrad Front. At this time, the army troops had to fight on the Don line and allocate forces to cover the southern direction. It is clear that it was very difficult to control military operations in such a situation. M.S. Shumilov creates a separate operational group headed by his deputy, Lieutenant General V.I. Chuikov with the task of covering the left flank of the army.
Chuikov's group entered into heavy fighting. Having 2 small divisions and a marine brigade, it could not hold back the advance of large enemy forces and was forced to fight back across the Aksai River. Nevertheless, the group did its job: during the most difficult six-day battles, it attracted over 3 divisions from the enemy’s 4th Tank Army and thereby weakened its strike force, which was advancing on the main line of our defense.
Shumilov's subordinates quickly became convinced of his military leadership.
“M.S. Shumilov calmly and deeply analyzed the situation, made thoughtful and bold decisions, defining clear tasks for the troops, and firmly held control in his hands. Usually Mikhail Stepanovich did not have difficulty making decisions. As a rule, he mentally put himself in the place of the enemy, comprehensively assessed his possible plan and, based on this, determined his own. He carried out the decision he made with iron tenacity and did not make changes to it until it was called for by the situation during the battle. And the commander felt the pulse of the battle very subtly.”
This is the testimony of the Chief of Staff of the 64th Army, General I.A. Laskin, who fought side by side with Shumilov throughout the Battle of Stalingrad. His description of the army commander highlights not only military leadership, but also human qualities:
“By nature, Mikhail Stepanovich was a cool, straightforward person, he loved business qualities and truthfulness in people, he himself was very efficient and honest in everything. I don’t know of a case where in his reports an army commander embellished the state of affairs or unduly emphasized the complexity of the situation” (Laskin I.A. On the way to a turning point. M.: Voenizdat, 1977. P. 266-267).
The peculiarity of Army Commander Shumilov’s combat style was that he knew how to concentrate the main forces of the army at the right moment in the leading direction to solve the main task. And for this it was necessary to always have reserves.
On August 6, the enemy's 4th Tank Army still managed to break through on the southern front of the outer defensive contour and reach the Abganerovo-Tingut area. By evening, the Nazis occupied the village of Plodovitoe and the 74th kilometer crossing. General Shumilov is taking decisive measures to regain lost positions. And here the maneuver of reserves and troops withdrawn from unattacked areas renders him a good service.
A threatening situation had arisen on the left flank of the army: the enemy had penetrated our defenses. On the right flank, the enemy showed no activity. Having carefully studied the situation, M.S. Shumilov boldly decides to remove the 204th Infantry Division and part of the cadet regiments from the right flank, transfers these forces to a threatened area in the junction area in order to launch a sudden counterattack here. In one night, all available reserves and means were brought to the steppe patrol. At the direction of the army commander, the cadet regiments took up their initial position in the Zeta area, the 204th division of Colonel A.V. Skvortsov - in the area of the Yurkin state farm, where the 254th Tank Brigade was also concentrated. 38th Division Colonel G.B. Safiullina had to firmly hold her positions and prevent the enemy from breaking through to Stalingrad. Thus, the fascist motorized division with more than 100 tanks was essentially in the bag.
As a result of comprehensive preparations for the counterattack, the group created by the army commander went on a decisive offensive and within two days defeated the Nazi troops that had penetrated our defenses. In the junction area, up to 60 tanks were knocked out and 40 serviceable tanks were captured. The Nazis were forced to go on the defensive and were no longer active in this area. The enemy's plan to reach Stalingrad with a swift strike along the railway failed. The command of the German Army Group B was forced to urgently transfer tank and infantry divisions from Paulus's 6th Army to reinforce Hoth's army.
Deputy Commander of the South-Eastern Front, General F.I., who observed Shumilov’s actions in those days. Golikov subsequently wrote:
“To the commander of the 64th Army, General M.S. On August 9, Shumilov managed to carry out a strong counterattack on units of the 14th Tank and 29th Mechanized Divisions at the “74th Kilometer” junction, and organized it well. And this was not easy, since the situation was in a hurry and it was difficult to wait for the necessary concentration of forces and the creation of a certain superiority in a decisive place. However, Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov persevered, showed restraint, prudence and understanding of the situation” (Stalingrad Epic. M.: Nauka, 1968. P. 295).
First success achieved. The Nazis got it hard. And the army commander is now concerned about telling all the army soldiers in detail and clearly about the successful counterattack, instilling in them confidence that with the personal courage of each, with the skillful use of their weapons, they are capable of not only stopping the enemy, but also defeating him. This requires the greatest endurance, unshakable fortitude, and iron military discipline. The army commander ordered all those who distinguished themselves in the counterattack to be presented with awards.
For all his outward severity, Shumilov was a man of a large and kind soul. Dozens of letters from veterans and their memories are true proof of this.
It was hot, and often very hot, at the front, but at the headquarters, the Military Council of the army, the situation was always calm and businesslike. M.S. Shumilov managed to establish good, truly friendly relations with his colleagues. A typical case is described in his book “The Battle of the Century” by V.I. Chuikov: “In the evening I decided to return to the army command post, which was located in a gully ten kilometers east of Zeta.
Near the railway crossing we met an employee of the army's political department. He said that Shumilov and the entire headquarters were on the phones and looking for me. It was only then that I remembered that I had not called army headquarters for about ten hours.
General M.S. Shumilov, his closest assistants, members of the Military Council Z.T. Serdyuk, K.K. Abramov, Chief of Staff I.A. Laskin treated me attentively. We somehow quickly found a common language, worked amicably, harmoniously, showing constant concern for each other. (This situation remained until the last days of my stay in this army.) And then suddenly they lost me...
When I entered the dugout, Shumilov, seeing me, shouted loudly: “Here he is, found!” He immediately called the chief of staff of the front and reported to him about my appearance.
Soon a member of the Military Council entered the dugout. I was reproached and scolded, but on their faces I saw undisguised joy. Having not heard from me for a long time, it turns out they gave instructions to Lyudnikov and other unit commanders to find me on the battlefield, to at least find a wrecked car. But it so happened that I returned alive and well and in my car (V.I. Chuikov, Battle of the Century. M.: Sov. Russia, 1975. P. 73-74).
M.S. Shumilov had extensive experience in leading military operations. But life presented the military leaders with more and more new problems. The technical equipment of the troops grew, and more powerful new weapons appeared.
The 76th Guards Mortar Regiment operated in the army at the Don line. He has proven himself to be the best. More than once his devastating volleys successfully covered a concentration of enemy tanks and infantry. And at the height of the August battles, 6 Katyusha regiments arrived in the army at once. Shumilov was extremely happy. “This is what we need now!” - said the army commander and immediately asked one of the specialists to report in detail to the Military Council on the combat capabilities of rocket artillery. After all, before you teach others, you yourself need to know the matter in all its intricacies.
Major General of Artillery P.A. Degtyarev told Shumilov and the Military Council about the condition and combat training of the regiments' personnel, described their commanders and staffs, and revealed the methods of combat use of Katyushas and their massive strikes in decisive directions. Shumilov asked questions every now and then, interested in how targets for destruction were scouted and selected, at what distance from his troops the salvo was fired, what area was covered by a battery, divisional, regimental salvo. Having received comprehensive answers, those present were convinced of what enormous firepower was in the hands of the commander, if, of course, it was skillfully and creatively used in battle.
Shumilov immediately figures out which divisions located in the most threatened directions should be reinforced with guards mortar regiments. The commander's fire reserve, consisting of 3 regiments, is also determined. Then the army commander will meticulously check how the rocket artillery is used.
Somehow M.S. Shumilov was informed that 2 enemy columns in armored personnel carriers were approaching the defense area of the 204th Infantry Division. “I’ll give the command to the artillerymen now. These are the best targets for Katyushas,” the commander quickly decided.
Having received this instruction, the commanders of the guards mortar regiments, Lieutenant Colonels N.V. Vorobiev and L.N. Parnovsky decided to destroy the suitable columns one by one. Soon trails of fire cut the sky. The shells hit their targets accurately.
How many such precise volleys were there during the defense period! Some regiments fired 7-8 salvos a day. When the offensive battles began - a counter-offensive, encirclement and defeat of the enemy group - rocket artillery, on the orders of the army commander, began to deliver massive attacks in the breakthrough areas, crushing enemy fortifications and strongholds.
All this was a component of the army commander’s combat maturity, an integral part of his military leadership.
For almost a month, the 64th Army held back Hoth's tank hordes on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. There were battles literally for every inch of our native land. The sun scorched hotly, the earth burned from the explosions of bombs and shells, people were choked by dust and fumes, and were tormented by thirst. But nothing could break the will of the brave warriors. The Nazis paid a high price for every meter of their advance. But our troops also suffered serious losses. In a number of places, the defense was held only by sparse lines of infantry. For the army commander, the difficulty was to establish with the greatest accuracy until what point it was advisable to hold one or another line of defense and when it should be left in order to move on to the next one, prepared in advance, with the least losses.
Once, after the war, Shumilov was asked: “Which day of the Battle of Stalingrad do you consider the most difficult and which the most joyful?”
To the first part of the question, Mikhail Stepanovich answered this way: “I would name not one, but two days - the twenty-ninth and thirtieth of August. These were truly “dark days” during the entire battle.”
That morning, from the direction of the rising sun, the growing roar of enemy dive bombers was heard. They came wave after wave and dropped the entire load of land mines on the positions of the 126th Infantry Division. Then the artillery struck, and to its “accompaniment” the moving units of the Nazis went on the offensive. At 6:30 a.m. divisional commander 126th Colonel V.E. Sorokin reported that a large force of tanks and motorized infantry had begun attacking. The army commander, who was at his command post near Zeta, replied:
I see it myself. Hold on, darling. There is no other way out. We need to help out the army. She has already begun to retreat, and we cannot be allowed to be crushed by Goth with tanks.
If we have to, we will stand until the end,” Sorokin answered firmly.
At any cost, by all means, hold back the tanks. Let them get closer and hit them for sure. Cut off the infantry from the tanks - they won’t go far without them, the army commander gave his last instructions.
Shumilov did not doubt for a minute either Sorokin or his well-trained and battle-hardened warriors. No wonder the front commander, General A.I. Eremenko called the 126th division the most combat-ready and resilient of the front formations. Its commander, Vladimir Evseevich Sorokin, also proved himself to be a military leader of extraordinary ability and a man of great courage. Shumilov relied on him as on himself.
For the second hour, the 126th Division fought off the frantic onslaught of the enemy. The defenders themselves launch a counterattack and push the enemy back to their original positions. Sorokin reports to the commander about this.
“Well done! I didn’t expect any other report from you. Hold on for another couple of hours - good, three - even better. Every minute is precious to us."
Shumilov sees an armada of enemy dive bombers reappear over the division’s positions. They bombed its entire defense. A new attack has begun. Some of the enemy tanks rush to the front line and begin to “iron” the trenches of our infantrymen. The group of vehicles also reached artillery positions. Our gunners shoot them point blank. The Nazis fail to break through the division's defenses.
Middle of a day. Shumilov manages to contact Sorokin with great difficulty. He reports heavy losses, the death of many commanders. His voice is firm. No requests or complaints about fate!
Meanwhile, attacks follow one after another. Four enemy divisions, lined up in echelon in a narrow area, rammed the 126th’s defenses. Everything is on fire and smoke. The positions are absolute hell. The messages are coming in one worse than the other. Sorokin was seriously wounded. The division chief of staff, all regiment commanders, and many battalion commanders were killed. But the warriors do not take a step back. Only with the third strike do hundreds of enemy tanks manage to break through the division’s defenses and reach the Gavrilovka area by the end of the day. However, this time too the enemy motorized infantry was cut off from the tanks by those who were still able to hold weapons. The soldiers of the 126th did not flinch. They completed the task to the end, allowing the main forces of the army to concentrate on a new frontier.
Many years later, the army commander’s hand will write lines full of heartfelt gratitude to the soldiers of the 126th division: “Years have passed, but that day cannot get out of my head. We left our command post, already knowing that the main forces of the army had broken away from the enemy, that they were about to catch on to the inner contour and meet the enemy in an organized manner. And we owe this to the 126th Division, a heroic division, the feat of which to this day has not yet been fully revealed. Thousands of unknown heroes must find a name...” (Two Hundred Days of Fire. M.: Voenizdat, 1968. P. 200).
After the war, Mikhail Stepanovich managed to find V.E. Sorokina. He spoke in a letter about his difficult fate. He recalled how the tanks bypassed the division command post and opened destructive fire on the dugouts from the rear. Sorokin was seriously wounded by a shell explosion and captured by the Nazis. In a reply letter to Sorokin, the army commander wrote:
“Dear Vladimir Evseevich! What joy overwhelmed me when I received a letter from you. Thank you for not forgetting the old man.
Vladimir Evseevich! Before the soldiers of the 126th Infantry Division, I consider myself guilty. During all the days of the defense of Abganerovo they fought heroically. On August 29, parts of the division suffered heavy losses, and therefore it was withdrawn to the front reserve and did not return to our army. After the defeat of the Nazi troops, the division was not promoted to the rank of guards by me. I was sure that the front would do it. I haven't checked. This is my guilt before the soldiers of the 126th Infantry Division. My description of the division and you, Vladimir Evseevich, remains unchanged. You did everything you could and even a little more. Thank you very much for all this!
With deep respect, former commander of the 64th Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, Colonel General M. Shumilov.”
Under the continuous influence of aviation, in conditions of semi-encirclement, units and formations of the 64th Army made their way to a new frontier. But the soldiers and commanders did not lose their composure, sense of duty and military honor. Soldiers who were lagging behind or separated from their units approached the designated points and immediately entered into a new battle. By September 3, the army gained a foothold at the Peschanka - Elkhi - Ivanovka line.
The army commander in his order speaks of the danger looming over the city and warns that the enemy cannot be allowed to pass beyond the specified line under any circumstances. “There is nowhere to retreat,” the order said, “the Volga is behind us. No step back! Better a glorious death than the shame of departure." And the 64th Army carried out the order. It firmly held the commanding heights in the Beketovka area and reliably covered the Kirov and Krasnoarmeysky districts of the city.
Thanks to the tenacity of the soldiers of the 64th Army, industrial enterprises and institutions continued to operate in the Kirov and Krasnoarmeysky regions. The workers, in turn, provided great assistance to the army - they repaired tanks, tractors, cars, mortars, and made flammable bottles. The workers of the Krasnoarmeysk mill and bakery supplied the troops and population with flour, cereals, and bread. Commander M.S. Shumilov was closely connected with the party organization of the city, Kirov region. He was present at almost all of their plenums, systematically informed the party activists about the state of affairs at the front, and helped local organizations with everything he could.
Until the last days of his life, Mikhail Stepanovich had a strong personal friendship with the head of the regional party organization, chairman of the city defense committee A.S. Chuyanov. In turn, Alexey Semenovich highly appreciated Shumilov’s party and military qualities.
“You can always rely on such a person,” said A.S. Chuyanov. “His word never differed from his deeds. I was always amazed by his restraint, composure, and high personal courage. And one more thing: accessibility, proximity to people. That’s why his authority among the troops and among the city’s residents was unusually high.”
In mid-October, fighting within the city became particularly fierce. Having received reinforcements, Paulus sent large forces against the 62nd Army, which had been cut into pieces. True to the principles of military brotherhood, the 64th Army provided assistance to its heroic neighbor with frequent counterattacks, daring night raids, and Katyusha and artillery fire raids. But his situation worsened every day, and Headquarters and the front demanded that Shumilov urgently launch a counterattack from the Kuporosny area. For this purpose, the fresh 7th Rifle Corps of General S.G. was included in the army. Goryacheva.
The 7th Rifle Corps was thoroughly prepared for battle. All three of its brigades are staffed by brave sailors who arrived from ships of the Pacific Fleet and Far Eastern border guards.
On October 25, after artillery preparation, the 7th Corps went on the attack. On the move, his units captured the first and second trenches. However, further progress slowed down. The enemy brought aviation into action and began to counterattack. Unsuppressed German firing points came to life. The insufficient number of guns had an effect - only 30-40 per kilometer of front. But can you stop the sailors? Throwing off their greatcoats and putting on pea coats and peakless caps, they fearlessly rushed towards the enemy. Shumilov, who observed this picture from his command post, will say: “These sailors are a stubborn people. You won’t be lost with them!”
By evening the corps had advanced 1-1.5 kilometers.
The next day the offensive continued with increased enemy resistance. During the battles, which lasted from October 25 to November 3, the army troops advanced only 4-5 kilometers. They failed to connect with the 62nd Army. But the task - to draw back the enemy's forces and means - was completed. And this was of great importance: in the center of Stalingrad, the fascist attacks weakened. The second task was also completed - enemy aviation devoted all its attention to the counterattack in the Kuporosny area and almost did not fly over the positions of the 57th and 51st armies, where reserves were secretly concentrated and an offensive was being prepared.
In his memoirs, Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov assessed the significance of the counterattack carried out by the 64th Army in the Kuporosny area: “... the offensive of the Don Front and the counterattack of the 64th Army eased the difficult situation of the 62nd Army and thwarted the enemy’s efforts aimed at capturing the city. Without this help, the 62nd Army would have been finished off and the city of Stalingrad might have been taken by the enemy” (Battle of Stalingrad. Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. Book Publishing House, 1973. P. 28).
Like other military leaders, Shumilov, in the strictest secrecy, prepared troops for the upcoming counter-offensive. He reported his thoughts on organizing the offensive at a meeting that took place on November 10 in Tatyanka, at the CP of the 57th Army in the presence of representatives of Headquarters - Generals G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky. The decision taken by Shumilov was approved. Representatives of the Headquarters were especially interested in the political and moral state of the troops, their readiness to go on the offensive and completely defeat the enemy group. After all, it was not the battles to improve positions that began, but a big offensive. The motto is “Not a step back!” was replaced by the motto “Forward, to the West!”
Knowing about the fighting qualities of the commanders subordinate to him, about the boundless dedication of the soldiers of his army, M.S. Shumilov reported with confidence that the troops were ready for the offensive. He also said that the order of attack and issues of interaction between military branches had been worked out.
How all this happened is reproduced in his memoirs by the commander of the 38th Infantry Division G.B. Safiullin.
“...Commander General Shumilov conducted reconnaissance with us, the division commanders. It was only then that I heard words from him that excited us all: “Until now we have been fighting defensive battles,” said the army commander. - And they behaved well. But you can’t sit still forever; someday you have to attack. If you and I don’t learn, we’ll forget everything, including how to break through enemy fortifications.” And he demanded that careful exercises be conducted with commanders of regiments, battalions, companies and with staff members to break through the enemy’s defensive positions.
We went into this with great inspiration. True, at first, in a narrow circle, they thought through everything, weighed it, and drew up a plan. I reported all this to the commander. He approved of our work and warned: “You will soon receive a combat order. Do not delay the preparatory work. I give permission to move the command post to another location.”
We understand what this means. The holiday that we have all been waiting for has finally come to our street, not figuratively, but literally. We are moving forward!
The 64th Army attacked with its right flank. The blow fell on a height of 128.2, which changed hands more than once and was a very tough nut to crack. Shumilov arrived at the CP of the 38th Infantry Division at a time when there was a discussion going on about how to take this height: either bypass it or hit it head-on. Shumilov, after listening to all the considerations, made a decision: to pull up as much artillery and Katyusha rockets as possible and level this height to the ground.
Hazy, foggy morning of November 20, 1942. It's time to begin artillery preparation, but the fog does not clear. Then he sprinkled large flakes of snow. Neither the enemy nor the neighbors are visible. Shumilov and everyone gathered at his command post are worried, and every now and then they call the weather service. Front Commander A.I. Eremenko also worries Shumilov with calls:
How is your visibility?
Complete darkness. It's impossible to advance...
Will wait...
Only at 1:30 p.m. several hundred guns and Katyusha rockets struck at altitude 128.2. It was like a fire tornado was raging on her. This was the first time many had seen such a massive artillery strike. Powerful fire made a hole in the enemy's defenses, and infantry rushed into it. Neither snow, nor blizzard, nor frost, nor the desperate resistance of the enemy could weaken the high offensive impulse of our soldiers. On November 23, the advanced units of the advancing fronts closed the encirclement ring around the Stalingrad enemy group.
The Volgograd Defense Museum displays numerous awards of Colonel General M.S. Shumilov: three Orders of Lenin, four of the Red Banner, two of Suvorov, 1st degree, Order of Kutuzov, 1st degree, Red Star, 12 foreign orders, dozens of medals. Due to his modesty, Mikhail Stepanovich did not talk about his merits and awards even in a narrow family circle. But about one order - Suvorov 1st degree - he somehow spoke very warmly. He was awarded it during the final battles in Stalingrad. Only a few Soviet commanders by that time had been awarded this award.
The first military commander's award is, of course, memorable. According to its status, the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree, could be awarded to commanders of fronts and armies and other military leaders for leadership of battles and battles in which outstanding victories over the enemy were achieved. And the fact that Mikhail Stepanovich received this order even before the end of the Battle of Stalingrad was seen as recognition of his high military art.
Characteristic in this regard are the words spoken by the former commander of the troops of the Stalingrad and South-Eastern fronts, Marshal of the Soviet Union A.I. Eremenko about the 64th Army and its commander: “... the 64th Army under his command played an exceptionally large role in the Battle of Stalingrad. Her tenacity and activity in defense, her maneuverability and mobility on the battlefield caused the enemy a lot of trouble, caused him great damage, upset many of the enemy’s calculations, and helped disrupt more than one of Hitler’s planned capture of Stalingrad. Advancing in the sector of the 64th Army, Hoth, as they say, broke off his tank “wedges”. The army managed to keep in its hands the heights located south of Stalingrad, which played a significant role in the stability of the defense of the city as a whole.
Major General Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov is a man of great soul, with a great military and political outlook, strong will and high demands; all these were wonderful qualities characteristic of a Soviet military leader. Comrade Shumilov knew how to organize a battle well, the interaction of military branches in it, and firmly held control in his hands. Under no circumstances did he give in to panic.
His reports on the situation during the Battle of Stalingrad were always comprehensive and objective, and his bold, clear decisions were comprehensively thought out and spoke of a high operational culture.
He built relationships with his subordinates on stern but fair demands and fatherly concern for their needs. I remember how in particularly difficult moments he said in a calm bassoque voice: “We don’t lose heart, comrade commander, please don’t worry about us, we’ll complete the task.”
This confidence of the army commander was passed on to every soldier in the army. The soldiers of the army unwaveringly defended the Stalingrad land, they really fought to the death" (Eremenko A.I. Stalingrad. M.: Voenizdat, 1961. P. 167-168)
But what day was the most joyful for the army commander? M.S. Shumilov answered this question like this: “January 31, 1942, when Paulus, the first field marshal of Hitler’s army, captured by the Red Army - more precisely, the 64th Army,” was sitting in front of me.
It is worth remembering the events of this day.
The day before, the army commander learned that the headquarters of Paulus's 6th Army was located in the southern group of forces, which was being finished off by the 64th in collaboration with other armies. Intelligence officers established that the headquarters and commander of the 6th Army, Paulus, were located in the basement of a department store on the Square of Fallen Fighters. Shumilov immediately decides to create a mobile detachment of tanks and motorized infantry of the 38th brigade of Colonel I.D. Burmakov and the 329th engineer battalion. The department store should be blocked by these forces.
“Place it like this,” ordered commander I.D. Burmakov - so that the mouse cannot slip through!”
This urgent demand was explained by the fact that the front, having learned from the report of M.S. Shumilov about the whereabouts of Paulus, demanded that the commander of Army 64 do everything to take Paulus alive. They told Shumilov: “You answer for Paulus and his chief of staff Schmidt with your head.”
The first Soviet officer to penetrate Paulus's headquarters was the brigade intelligence chief, Senior Lieutenant F.M. Ilchenko. Soon he radioed to Colonel Burmakov that the enemy had agreed to negotiate surrender. Burmakov immediately reports this message to Army Commander Shumilov.
“I’ll be on the phone all the time,” Shumilov said. “Keep me informed about the progress of the negotiations at all times.”
From that moment until the end of the negotiations, or rather, until the capture of the field marshal and his staff, the army commander held the threads of leadership of this unusual operation in his hands. Here Burmakov reports that General Roske, commander of the southern group, conveyed Paulus’ request to negotiate only with representatives of the army or front. He also asks to order a ceasefire for the duration of the negotiations. Shumilov replies that such an order will be given and that representatives of the army headquarters Colonel Lukin, Lieutenant Colonel Mutovin and Major Ryzhov are heading to the department store for negotiations, and after them the chief of staff of the army Colonel Laskin will arrive, who will present an ultimatum to the Nazis about surrender.
One of the participants in the captivity of Paulus, Lieutenant Colonel B.I. Mutovin said: “Sending us as responsible envoys to negotiate the surrender of troops and the headquarters of the 6th German Army, Army Commander M.S. Shumilov gave us extremely clear instructions: “We must take all precautions and at the same time show persistence and, if you like, diplomatic acumen in order to take Field Marshal Paulus alive. I repeat - alive."
This recommendation of the army commander was strictly observed, and at 12 o’clock on January 31, 1943, the captured field marshal appeared before Shumilov. With great skill, the army commander conducted the interrogation, which was written about in sufficient detail in military and memoir literature.
Later, on the day of the 30th anniversary of the Stalingrad victory, Mikhail Stepanovich was asked:
The field marshal general, captured by the 64th Army, left. Silence fell over the ruins of Stalingrad. What thoughts and feelings dominated you at these moments?
Just a thought, answered M.S. Shumilov, - that the hardest part is over. There will be dozens and hundreds more fierce battles, but it won’t be any more difficult. After everything we have experienced, we have become stronger in spirit and smarter. The enemy is now in front of us - beaten, thoroughly beaten. We all felt it. It’s a big thing to feel your moral superiority over your opponent. Even after three decades, you catch yourself in the fact that at Stalingrad we did more than we could. How was the human heart able to withstand a struggle of unprecedented ferocity? Stay on a narrow strip of land and say: not a step back! And not leave this land... Only strong-willed people could do this, endlessly believing in their victory, in their ideas, in their great people, in their native party.
From the Volga to Prague the battle path of the general and his army lay. Having become the 7th Guards after the Battle of Stalingrad, it, led by Shumilov, crushed the Nazi invaders in the steppes of Ukraine and the Carpathians, and participated in the liberation of Romania, Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. For the successful crossing of the Dnieper, the army commander was awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, Mikhail Stepanovich commanded the Belomorsky (1946-48) and Voronezh (1948-55) military districts and remained in combat until the end of his days. Courageous, strong-willed, and beloved by the people, the military leader was elected an honorary citizen of the city by the residents of Volgograd, Belgorod, Shebekino, Beltsy, his native village of Verkhtechensky, as well as their Bratislava.
Returning in his memories to past battles, Mikhail Stepanovich invariably named Stalingrad first. The hero city on the Volga always lived in his heart.
“...The further we went from Stalingrad,” Shumilov wrote, “the more we thought about it, constantly returned to memorable battles, drawing strength from them for new battles, more than once we remembered our wonderful comrades - the Stalingrad workers, leaders of party and Soviet organizations , whose love, concern for our needs, extraordinary responsiveness of the entire population warmed our souls and poured new strength into us.” (Two hundred days of fire. P. 202).
Memory does not age... The Volga hero, a city that withstood the fire of the battle of the century, remembers and honors its heroic defender, the famous commander. Mamaev Kurgan received the ashes of General M.S. Shumilova. Mikhail Stepanovich's last request - to be buried next to his soldiers who fell on Stalingrad soil - was fulfilled. An endless line of people walks to Mamayev Kurgan, bowing low to all those who saved humanity from the brown plague, who won the Great Victory. They also worship him, the glorious son of the Urals, for whom this city on the Volga became his second home.
Memory does not age... It is difficult to find in the Volgograd region, in the city itself, a person who does not know the name of Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov. A new generation of Russian patriots is being raised on his courage and heroism, on courage and selfless dedication.
SHUMILOV Mikhail Stepanovich, (11/5/1895, Verkhnyaya Techa village, now Kataisky district, Kurgan region - 6/28/1975, Moscow). Russian. Colonel General (1943). (October 26, 1943).
Served in the Russian army in 1916-1917, ensign. Participant of the First World War on the Western Front, junior officer of the Kremenchug regiment.
In the Red Guard since 1917. In the Red Army since 1918. Graduated from the Chuguev Infantry School (1916), courses for senior and senior command and political personnel (1924), rifle and tactical advanced training courses for the command staff of the Red Army "Vystrel" them. Comintern (1929), Higher Attestation Commission at the Higher Military Academy named after. K. E. Voroshilova (1948).During the Civil War, M.S. Shumilov fought on the Eastern and Southern fronts, commander of a platoon, company, and regiment.
In the interwar period, M.S. Shumilov was commander of a rifle battalion, chief of staff of a rifle regiment, since 1929 commander-military commissar of a rifle regiment, since 1933 chief of staff of a rifle division, since 1937 commander of a rifle division. Participated in the national revolutionary war of the Spanish people 1936-1939. Since April 1938, commander of the 11th Rifle Corps of the BOVO, which took part in the Red Army's campaign in Western Ukraine and Western Belarus in 1939, as well as in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940. Since July 1940, the corps under the command of Major General M.S. Shumilov became part of the 8th Army of the PribOVO.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the corps as part of the 8th Army of the North-Western Front fought stubborn battles in the border battle in Latvia. In the period from June 23 to 25, he took part in a frontal counterattack against the enemy’s 4th Tank Group that had broken through into the Siauliai fortified area. Subsequently, the corps as part of the army fought back in the direction of Riga and further to Tartu (now the Republic of Estonia). In July, the corps as part of the same army of the Northern Front fought heavy defensive battles at the Pärnu-Tartu line. WITH 22 By July 25, the enemy managed to break through the front defenses, reach Lake Peipsi and encircle the corps formations. By July 30, parts of the corps managed to escape from the encirclement. On August 6, the enemy managed to split the army troops into 2 groups. The 11th Rifle Corps, forming the basis of the eastern group of the army, defending from Lake Peipus to the Gulf of Finland, held back the advance of German troops along the Narva Highway with stubborn defense. Since August 1941, M. S. Shumilov was deputy commander of the 55th Army of the Leningrad Front, which defended the southern approaches to Leningrad. Since November, the GUK NPO has been at the disposal of the State Institution. Since January 1942, deputy commander of the 21st Army as part of the Southwestern (from July Stalingrad) Front, participated in the Battle of Kharkov 1942. During the fighting, M. S. Shumilov showed high organizational skills, courage, determination, exactingness, quickly oriented himself in battle, drew the right conclusions from the situation, confidently made decisions and firmly implemented them. From August 1942 until the end of the war, M. S. Shumilov was the commander of the 64th Army (transformed on April 16, 1943 into the 7th Guards), operating as part of the Stalingrad, Don, Voronezh, Steppe and 2nd Ukrainian fronts . The troops under the command of M.S. Shumilov heroically fought at Stalingrad and, together with the 62nd Army in the city itself, defended it from the enemy. M. S. Shumilov skillfully commanded the army during the Battle of Kursk,
the battle for the Dnieper, Kirovograd, Uman-Botoshan, Iasi-Chisinau, Debrecen, Budapest, Bratislava-Brnov and Prague offensive operations. The commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union R. Ya. Malinovsky, spoke highly of M. S. Shumilov, characterizing him as an energetic and well-prepared commander, capable of leading large military operations, a skillful organizer of interaction between all branches of the military throughout the battle. For skillful leadership of troops and demonstrated heroism, M. S. Shumilov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Considerable merit belongs to M.S. Shumilov in creating units of the new Romanian army and establishing interaction with its units and formations.
After the war, M.S. Shumilov became army commander. Since 1948, commander of the BelVO troops, since 1949, Voronezh-VO. Retired since 1956. On April 24, 1958, he was returned to the Armed Forces and appointed military consultant to the Group of Inspectors General of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
Awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, 4 Orders of the Red Banner, 2 Orders of Suvorov 1st class, Orders of Kutuzov 1st class, Red Star, “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 3rd class, medals, as well as foreign orders.
Shumilov Mikhail Stepanovich is one of the most famous heroes. His strategic and tactical decisions played an important role in the victory over Nazi Germany.
Mikhail Stepanovich devoted his entire life to military affairs; he went through five wars, in each of which he distinguished himself with personal courage and ingenuity. He is still held up as an example to the younger generation.
Shumilov Mikhail Stepanovich: short biography
The personality of Shumilov has been of interest to military historians from different countries for many years. Information about it can be found in any language. Shumilov Mikhail Stepanovich was born on November 5, 1895. He grew up in a family of ordinary peasants. From an early age he worked and helped adults in everyday affairs. He also spent a lot of time studying. At a rural school he was an excellent student. Thanks to this, after graduation I received a state scholarship, which allowed me to continue my studies for free.
At the age of 21, Shumilov was mobilized to participate in the First World War. He is studying in Chuguev. After graduation he receives the rank of ensign. And in the spring of next year, a baptism of fire takes place on the Western Front. The battles take place in the most difficult conditions. The command often makes decisions that are inconsistent with neighboring units.
Due to poor industrialization, soldiers lack ammunition and even uniforms. And letters come from the rear in which relatives describe poverty and misery.
Revolutionary activities
News from home and the state of affairs at the front instill in the young officer hatred of the existing regime of inequality and social oppression. Upon returning to his homeland, Mikhail Shumilov enlists as a volunteer in the Red Guard. The Civil War begins. Mikhail joins the Bolsheviks and joins the Russian Communist Party. After this, he goes to the east to fight the White Guard units. Also takes part in battles against foreign invaders. Within a year of war he was promoted to the rank of brigade commander. His fighters take part in the famous assault on Perekop, when it was held by Wrangel’s troops.
Activities after the war
After victory in the war, Mikhail Shumilov decides to continue his career and attends courses for senior command and political personnel. He reads a lot and studies combat tactics. Works at the headquarters. Contributed to the development and improvement of the Red Army in accordance with the standards of the time. Chief of Staff since '29. Then he is transferred to the headquarters of the group of forces of the Central-Southern zone. At this time, civil war breaks out in Spain. Communist rebels fight for power against the fascist henchmen of General Franco. Mikhail Shumilov goes there to help the Spanish volunteers.
New wars
Upon returning from Spain, Shumilov was appointed corps commander in Belarus. In the spring of '39, he took part in the Polish campaign of the Red Army, when Soviet units occupied the territory of modern Western Belarus and Ukraine. There were practically no combat operations during this operation, but it was quite difficult for the commanders to maneuver, being several hours away from the Wehrmacht troops.
In the same year, another conflict begins. In an effort to push back their borders and secure the north of the country, Soviet troops enter the war with Finland.
The battles take place in the harsh conditions of the northern winter and lack of ammunition and food. Mikhail Shumilov went through almost the entire “Winter War”.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War
Mikhail Shumilov met the beginning of a new war on the territory of the Soviet Union in the Baltic states. The iron fist of the Wehrmacht struck the north of the USSR with all its might. Shumilov's corps fought heavy defensive battles near Riga. Despite the plight of the Red Army on all fronts, he even managed to carry out a counterattack on a German tank group in the Siauliai region. But due to the superiority of the enemy, they had to retreat. In the middle of the summer of '41, the Germans managed to close the encirclement ring around a group of Soviet troops, including Shumilov's corps. Under heavy fire, his fighters broke through the ring and took up defensive positions near the Narva highway.
After the Baltic States, Mikhail Stepanovich is appointed to the post of deputy army commander in the Leningrad region. But then he is recalled to the capital. From there they are sent to a problem area of the Southwestern Front, where the Red Army is fighting bloody battles near the Don River. At the end of the summer of '42, Shumilov's army had to hold back one of the most powerful German onslaughts under his command in the Stalingrad area.
The soldiers of the 64th Army made a huge contribution. The interrogation of the captured General Paulus was entrusted to their commander. It was Shumilov Mikhail Stepanovich. He valued the awards received for the Battle of Stalingrad most of all. And his army received the honorary title “Guards”.
In 1943, the Red Army went on the offensive. Shumilov's soldiers take part in the Battle of Kursk - the largest tank battle in human history.
After victory, the Nazis are pushed back, liberating the territory of the USSR. The Nazis' new line of defense runs along the Dnieper River. In some areas, the distance between the two banks reaches several kilometers. Under continuous fire, Soviet units cross the river and liberate the capital of the Ukrainian SSR - Kyiv. For skillful actions during this operation, Shumilov was awarded the highest state award -
Offensive
After this, the Seventh Guards Army is sent to Kirovograd. At the beginning of January, the Second Ukrainian Front goes on the offensive towards the Southern Bug River. More than half a million men gathered under his command. As a result of the successful actions of the Red Army, five German divisions were defeated, which lost more than half of their personnel. The liberation of Kirovograd made it possible to develop the Dnieper-Carpathian strategic offensive operation.
Shumilov Mikhail Stepanovich - commander of the 64th Army, Hero of the Soviet Union - acted together with another famous general - Zhdanov. Their skill was noted by Georgy Zhukov himself.
After the war, Shumilov continued his military career and served in various positions in the USSR Ministry of Security. Lived in the capital. His son Igor worked as a designer and was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
On June 28, 1975, Mikhail Stepanovich Shumilov died in Moscow. The photo of the veteran of five wars was published in almost all Soviet newspapers.
