“Thermal burns.
Providing first aid for burns"
life safety teacher Umrikhina Nadezhda MikhailovnaApril 2011
Lesson topic: “Thermal burns. Providing first aid for burns."Lesson objectives: to introduce students to the degrees of burns, to master techniques for providing assistance for burns.
Lesson type: combined. During the classes.
- Checking homework. Explanation of new material.
I . When exposed to high temperatures, a person gets burns. From flame, boiling water and hot steam they are called thermal. When the skin and mucous membranes are exposed to strong acids and alkalis, chemical burns occur. In case of contact with the skin and mucous membranes, radiation burns occur. (slide 3)
The severity of burns depends not only on the depth of tissue damage, but also on the area of the burn. Depending on the depth of damage to the skin and tissues, there are 4 degrees of burns: mild ( I ), moderate severity ( II), heavy (III ), extremely heavy ( IV). (slide 4-7)
1st degree - on the affected area experiences redness, pain, and swelling of the skin. When providing assistance, it is necessary to free the affected part of the body from clothing and hold the burned area under running cold water for up to 10 minutes. You can apply gauze moistened with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Then a sterile bandage is applied to the burn site. Superficial burns are easily cured on the 3rd or 4th day, the top layer of skin begins to peel off, and after a few days it takes on a normal appearance.
2nd degree - blisters filled with tissue fluid appear on the burned area.
3rd degree - skin damage occurs and a scab (dense, charred skin tissue) forms.
4th degree - not only the skin is charred, but also the underlying tissues: subcutaneous fat, muscles, tendons and even bones.
It is necessary to treat 2nd, 3rd, 4th degree burns only in a hospital.
It turns out that our “second bread”, our “lifesaver” in the home menu, our favorite potato, is also a miracle cure for burns. If your child is overheated in the sun, take a couple of potatoes, grate them on a fine grater and spread a thin layer on the burnt areas. If the burns are not sunburn, but more severe, apply clean rags, smeared with a thick layer of potato mixture, to the burned area, periodically replacing it with freshly prepared one. Nettle tincture also effectively treats burns; it should be prepared in advance and kept at home just in case. So, we collect and grind fresh stinging nettle herb: one glass per 0.5 liter of vodka, leave for 2 months. If necessary, soak a piece of clean bandage in this tincture and apply it to the burn site.
To heal even the most severe burns, 3-4 dressings from such a potion will be enough: well boiled together with 100 g of spruce resin, the same amount of lard and beeswax. The burn must first be washed with lime water (a tablespoon of quicklime per liter of boiled water), and then a bandage with the prepared ointment must be applied.
And one more folk remedy for burns: a paste of fresh Kalanchoe, previously cleanly washed and thoroughly mashed. It relieves pain and promotes rapid healing.
The size of the burn surface is expressed as a percentage of the total surface of the skin.
For adults, the surface of the head and neck is taken equal to 9% (of the entire body surface), the surface of one upper limb - 9%, the surface of the chest and abdomen - 18%, the posterior surface of the torso - 18%, the surface of one lower limb - 18%, the surface of the perineum and external genitalia -1%.
For extensive burns occupying 10-15% of the body surface II-III degree, severe general damage to the body occurs - burn disease, which is sometimes complicated by burn shock.
Burn disease is characterized : acute intoxication, disruption of water and salt metabolism in the body, often complicated by pneumonia, damage to the liver, kidneys, acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract.
When providing assistance: (slide 8)
1) First of all, you need to extinguish burning clothes, for which you throw a coat and blanket over the victim and extinguish the flame.
2) The burned part of the body is freed from clothing by cutting it around, leaving in place those stuck to the burn.
3) Do not open the blisters, touch the burn surface with your hands, or lubricate it with fat, ointment or other substances.
4) Apply a sterile bandage to the burn surface.
5) Carry out all measures to prevent shock and urgently transport to a medical facility.
tearing clothes off the body; pieces of fabric should be left; open blisters that appear on the skin and peel off the skin;
treat the wound at the site of the burst blister with iodine, brilliant green, and other burning liquids (this is an additional burn);
apply a bactericidal adhesive plaster to the burns - by removing it, you can peel off the burned skin and worsen the injury;
Lubricate the burn site with lotions, ointments (except special ones), oil, and sprinkle with powders, as all this helps to retain heat in the burned area and thereby can intensify the burn.
Crossword puzzles and crossword puzzles are given to students and then checked on the screen.
Horizontally: 1. Damage to body tissue due to high temperature. 2. Fire extinguishing agent. 3. Which organ is protected by a cotton-gauze bandage in case of fire? 4. Stopping the fire along the paths of its spread.
Vertically: 1. Sign of a 4th degree burn. 2. Burn caused by flame. 3. Sign of a 2nd degree burn. 4. What is the name of the dense, charred skin tissue resulting from a 3rd degree burn? 5. Method of stopping the combustion of substances and materials.
Literature and resources.
Mitrofanov A. M., Adelev A. I., Kiselev Yu. P. OBZh. 5th grade. Textbook, Tambov, 2002
Zavyalov V.N., Gogolev M.I. Medical and sanitary training of students. M, Enlightenment. 1986
Pavlova O. V., Popova G. P. Fire safety. Notes of classes and class hours in grades 5-11. Volgograd. 2006
Testing and measuring material.
Text on life safety for 8th grade
on the topic “Burns. First aid for burns."
1. Read the proposed text.
Fire is warmth for the smart, burn for the stupid.
(Chinese proverb)
A burn is damage to the skin, mucous membranes, and underlying tissues, which is caused by exposure to high temperature, chemicals, electricity or radiation energy.
Depending on the cause that caused the burn, burns are distinguished:
Thermal (as a result of exposure to high temperature);
Chemical (as a result of exposure to acids, alkalis, salts of heavy metals, etc.);
Electrical burns (as a result of exposure to electric current);
Radiation (caused by radiation energy).
A chemical burn is tissue damage resulting from contact with a chemical substance. There are acid, alkaline, fluoride, phenolic, phosphorus and other types of burns.
A factor influencing the severity of the victim’s condition and further prognosis is the degree and depth of the burn. The depth of tissue damage largely determines the severity of intoxication with decay products, which in most cases causes death within the first day.
There are 4 degrees of burns:
I degree- only the superficial layers of the epidermis are affected; This burn is characterized by redness of the skin, swelling and burning pain. All phenomena disappear after 3-7 days, sometimes leaving pigmented areas of the skin and peeling.
II degree- the epidermis is affected more deeply, a sharp reddening of the skin occurs, blisters of various sizes appear, filled with a transparent yellowish liquid. The upper wall of the bladder is painless (detached epidermis). When the bubble ruptures or is removed, deep layers of bright pink skin are exposed, sharply painful, which indicates the preserved viability of the underlying tissues (bullous form). Complete recovery occurs in 10-15 days without scar formation (if there are no suppuration of blisters); if the burn becomes infected, healing is delayed.
III degree- the most complex and difficult to diagnose. Depending on whether necrosis of the deep layers of the skin occurs partially or completely, burns of III-a and III-b degrees are distinguished.
IV degree burn- the most severe, in which complete destruction of the skin, underlying muscle layer, tendons and bones occurs, up to their charring. In this case, black areas are formed. After healing of a burn wound, deep disfiguring scars are formed that are prone to ulceration.
Burns of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees are classified as superficial burns; they retain the possibility of spontaneous healing of the burn wound with conservative treatment.
Burns of III-b and IV degrees are deep, they cannot heal on their own, and must be subject to surgical treatment.
The severity and danger of a burn also depend on the area of the burned surface.
The simplest and most convenient methods for determining the area of a burn is to measure it with the palm of your hand (“rule of palm”) or using the “rule of nines.”
The principle of determining the area of a burn using the rule of nines is based on the fact that the entire surface of the body is divided into areas whose area is approximately 9% of the surface of the skin:
Surface of the head and neck - 9%;
Surface of one upper limb - 9%;
The surface of one thigh is 9%;
Surface of the lower leg and foot - 9%;
The area of the front surface of the body = 9% x 2 (18%)
The area of the posterior surface of the body is 9%x2 (18%)
Perineal area - 1%.
First aid for thermal burns.
The burned area should be washed with cold water for at least 15 minutes. Some sources advise taking ice or snow for cooling. This should not be done, as the wound is open and can become infected. If there is no other way out, and you only have ice or snow at hand, first wrap them in a bag, and only then apply them to the burn site.
Next, the burn site should be treated with a disinfectant. This can be 3% hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine. A weak solution of potassium permanganate is also suitable. To treat, you need to soak a bandage or cloth in the solution, but not cotton wool, and wipe the burn area.
When the drug is absorbed into the skin, cover the burn with a sterile cotton cloth or bandage to prevent infection.
Remember! You cannot pick off the blisters - the skin underneath is very thin and delicate, and this is an open path for infections.
No ointments, oils, or fats should be used to lubricate burns of any degree!
Exercise 1.
Task 2.
A 1. Redness of the skin, pain, detachment of the epidermis with the formation of blisters filled with clear or cloudy liquid indicates a burn:
1. I degree;
2. II degree;
3. III degree;
4. IV degree.
A 2. Damage to the skin by phosphorus refers to:
1. thermal burns;
2. radiation burns;
3. chemical burns;
4. electrical burns.
A 3. What causes a thermal burn?
1. exposure to radioactive substances;
2. exposure to lightning;
3. exposure to steam;
4. exposure to alkaline substances.
Task 3 : Using the information offered in the material, solve a situational problem.
A woman was pulled out of a burning house. She received burns to her lower extremities and back. The lower extremities are covered with blisters containing clear liquid. There are no blisters on the back, but it is red and very painful.
A) Determine the degree of burns of the victim_________________________________
B) Determine the area of burns on the victim’s body._________________________
IN)Fill out the algorithm for providing first aid to a burn. To do this, place the proposed phrases in the correct order. Enter your answer in the table.
a) Treat healthy skin around the burn with a solution of alcohol, brilliant green, and potassium permanganate.
b) In case of extensive burns, immediately send the victim to a medical facility.
c) Remove the hot object from the surface of the body.
d) Apply a sterile bandage to the burned surface.
e) Apply cold (a heating pad with ice, cold water) to the damaged surface of the body for 5-10 minutes.
f) Cut off clothes with scissors.
STANDARDS OF ANSWERS.
Exercise 1. Using the proposed text, complete the “Classification of Burns” diagram with the missing elements.
Task 2. Complete the suggested test tasks. There is only one correct answer possible for each question.
A1- 2, A2- 3, A3-3
Task 3 . Using the information provided in the material, solve a situational problem.
A) on the lower extremities - 2nd degree, on the back - 1st degree.
B) 45%
IN)
| 1. in | 2. e | 3. d | 4. a | 5.g | 6.b |
Municipal educational institution "Novoklenskaya Secondary School"
Tambov region, Pervomaisky district
Summary of a life safety lesson on the topic
“Thermal burns.
Providing first aid for burns"
life safety teacher
Umrikhina Nadezhda Mikhailovna
April 2011
Lesson topic: “Thermal burns. Providing first aid for burns."
Lesson objectives: to introduce students to the degrees of burns, to master techniques for providing assistance for burns.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes.
Checking homework.
Explanation of new material.
I. When exposed to high temperatures, a person gets burns. From flame, boiling water and hot steam they are called thermal. When the skin and mucous membranes are exposed to strong acids and alkalis, chemical burns occur. In case of contact with the skin and mucous membranes, radiation burns occur. (slide 3)
The severity of burns depends not only on the depth of tissue damage, but also on the area of the burn. Depending on the depth of damage to the skin and tissues, there are 4 degrees of burns: mild (I), moderate severity (II), heavy ( III), extremely heavy (IV). (slide 4-7)
1st degree — on the affected area experiences redness, pain, and swelling of the skin. When providing assistance, it is necessary to free the affected part of the body from clothing and hold the burned area under running cold water for up to 10 minutes. You can apply gauze moistened with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. Then a sterile bandage is applied to the burn site. Superficial burns are easily cured on the 3rd or 4th day, the top layer of skin begins to peel off, and after a few days it takes on a normal appearance.
2nd degree — blisters filled with tissue fluid appear on the burned area.
3rd degree - skin damage occurs and a scab (dense, charred skin tissue) forms.
4th degree — not only the skin, but also the underlying tissues are charred: subcutaneous fat, muscles, tendons and even bones.
It is necessary to treat 2nd, 3rd, 4th degree burns only in a hospital.
It turns out that our “second bread”, our “magic wand” in the home menu, our favorite potato, is also a miracle cure for burns. If your child is overheated in the sun, take a couple of potatoes, grate them on a fine grater and spread a thin layer on the burnt areas. If the burns are not sunburn, but more severe, apply clean rags, smeared with a thick layer of potato mixture, to the burned area, periodically replacing it with freshly prepared one. Nettle tincture also effectively treats burns; it should be prepared in advance and kept at home just in case. So, we collect and grind fresh stinging nettle herb: one glass per 0.5 liter of vodka, leave for 2 months. If necessary, soak a piece of clean bandage in this tincture and apply it to the burn site.
To heal even the most severe burns, 3-4 dressings from such a potion will be enough: well boiled together with 100 g of spruce resin, the same amount of lard and beeswax. The burn must first be washed with lime water (a tablespoon of quicklime per liter of boiled water), and then a bandage with the prepared ointment must be applied.
And one more folk remedy for burns: a paste of fresh Kalanchoe, previously cleanly washed and thoroughly mashed. It relieves pain and promotes rapid healing.
The size of the burn surface is expressed as a percentage of the total surface of the skin.
For adults, the surface of the head and neck is taken equal to 9% (of the entire body surface), the surface of one upper limb - 9%, the surface of the chest and abdomen - 18%, the posterior surface of the torso - 18%, the surface of one lower limb - 18%, the surface of the perineum and external genitalia -1%.
For extensive burns occupying 10-15% of the body surfaceII— IIIdegree, severe general damage to the body occurs - burn disease, which is sometimes complicated by burn shock.
Burn disease is characterized : acute intoxication, disruption of water and salt metabolism in the body, often complicated by pneumonia, damage to the liver, kidneys, acute ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract.
When providing assistance: (slide 8)
1) First of all, you need to extinguish burning clothes, for which you throw a coat and blanket over the victim and extinguish the flame.
2) The burned part of the body is freed from clothing by cutting it around, leaving in place those stuck to the burn.
3) Do not open the blisters, touch the burn surface with your hands, or lubricate it with fat, ointment or other substances.
4) Apply a sterile bandage to the burn surface.
5) Carry out all measures to prevent shock and urgently transport to a medical facility.
tearing clothes off the body; pieces of fabric should be left; open blisters that appear on the skin and peel off the skin;
treat the wound at the site of the burst blister with iodine, brilliant green, and other burning liquids (this is an additional burn);
apply a bactericidal adhesive plaster to the burns - by removing it, you can peel off the burned skin and worsen the injury;
Lubricate the burn site with lotions, ointments (except special ones), oil, and sprinkle with powders, as all this helps to retain heat in the burned area and thereby can intensify the burn.
To consolidate Crossword (slide 10)
Crossword puzzles and crossword puzzles are given to students and then checked on the screen.
Horizontally: 1. Damage to body tissue due to high temperature. 2. Fire extinguishing agent. 3. Which organ is protected by a cotton-gauze bandage in case of fire? 4. Stopping the fire along the paths of its spread.
Vertically: 1. Sign of a 4th degree burn. 2. Burn caused by flame. 3. Sign of a 2nd degree burn. 4. What is the name of the dense, charred skin tissue resulting from a 3rd degree burn? 5. Method of stopping the combustion of substances and materials.
Literature and resources.
Pavlova O. V., Popova G. P. Fire safety. Notes of classes and class hours in grades 5-11. Volgograd. 2006
Mitrofanov A. M., Adelev A. I., Kiselev Yu. P. OBZh. 5th grade. Textbook, Tambov, 2002
Zavyalov V.N., Gogolev M.I. Medical and sanitary training of students. M, Enlightenment. 1986
Introduction
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The need to urgently provide first aid to your loved ones, and often to complete strangers, arises in the event of accidents, sudden illnesses and painful conditions. What is the right thing to do in these situations? How can you quickly and effectively help a person in trouble without causing him additional trauma through your inept actions?
For the most part, accidental injuries and damage are not severe, and their treatment comes down to providing simple first aid techniques. However, everyone should be prepared for more serious incidents that may require life-saving measures and even resuscitation, such as respiratory arrest. In such cases, everything depends on an accurate and quick assessment of the necessary actions, which requires not only presence of mind, but also common sense.
The purpose of the work is to study methods of first aid for burns, frostbite, electric shock, drowning and suffocation.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve a number of problems:
1. study the features of first aid for burns and frostbite;
2. describe the possibilities of first aid in case of electric shock;
3. study first aid techniques for drowning and suffocation;
4. describe methods of transporting the victim to a medical facility.
Careful familiarization with the described techniques will help you act quickly and effectively in any alarming situation.
1. First aid for burns
Massive thermal burns occur among the population in areas of nuclear damage from exposure to light radiation and as a result of fires. Burns are also common during natural disasters, major industrial accidents accompanied by fires, and also in everyday life.
The severity of thermal burns depends on the depth of damage to the skin and underlying tissues, the area of the burn and its location. In areas of continuous fires, burns of the upper respiratory tract from hot air, as well as carbon monoxide poisoning, are possible. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion causes “profile” burns in unprotected people, i.e. burns on the part and surface of the body that faces the explosion site, and at greater distances - damage to the retina or temporary blindness.
In everyday life, burns from boiling water, steam, and solar radiation are observed. Depending on the depth of damage to the skin and underlying tissues, burns are divided into 4 degrees: mild (1st), moderate (2nd), severe (3rd) and extremely severe (4th).
Burns cause general damage to the body: dysfunction of the central nervous system, changes in blood composition, deviations in the functioning of internal organs. The deeper the damage to the skin and underlying tissues and the larger the area of the burn, the more severe the general condition of the affected person.
First aid consists of stopping the effect of the damaging factor. In case of flame burns, you should extinguish burning clothing and remove the victim from the fire zone; In case of burns from hot liquids or molten metal, quickly remove clothing from the burn area. To stop the effect of the temperature factor, rapid cooling of the affected area of the body is necessary by immersion in cold water, under running cold water, or irrigation with chlorethyl. You cannot extinguish the flame with your hands or knock it down with any object. The victim must be doused with water, and if there is no water, put him down and cover him with a blanket, clothes, thick fabric to stop the access of oxygen to the burning clothes. Smoldering clothing must be removed or cut off, while trying not to damage the integrity of the burn surface. It is not recommended to completely undress the affected person, especially in the cold season. Clothing stuck to the burn is cut off. Do not pierce the blisters, lubricate the surface of the burn with fat, various ointments, sprinkle with powder, or touch the burn with your hands. A sterile bandage is applied to the burn surface, and the affected person is given a comfortable position in which he is less bothered by pain. For extensive burns of moderate, severe and extremely severe degrees, if possible, you should administer an analgesic to the victim with a syringe tube, give him hot tea, and cover him warmly. At home, the victim with extensive burns to the torso or limbs should be wrapped in an ironed sheet. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the burned surfaces at the bends of the joints and in other places do not touch. The affected person needs careful transportation.
2. First aid for frostbite
The cause of frostbite is exposure to low temperatures, and under certain conditions (wet and tight shoes, immobile position in cold air, alcohol intoxication, and blood loss) frostbite can occur at temperatures above 0C. The ears, nose, hands (fingers), and feet are most often exposed to frostbite. When frostbite occurs, a feeling of cold and burning is initially felt, followed by numbness. The skin becomes pale, sensitivity is lost.
In the future, the effect of cold is not felt. The degree of frostbite can be determined only after the victim has warmed up, sometimes after several days. There are 4 degrees of frostbite.
First aid for frostbite consists of protection from exposure to low temperatures and immediate gradual warming of the victim. First of all, it is necessary to restore blood circulation in the frostbitten part of the body. Rapid warming of the surface layer of skin in the damaged area should not be allowed, since heating of the deep layers occurs more slowly, blood flow is poorly restored in them, and therefore the nutrition of the upper layers of the skin is not normalized and they die. Therefore, the use of hot baths and hot air for frostbite is contraindicated. Overcooled areas of the body should be protected from heat by applying heat-insulating bandages (wool, cotton-gauze materials) to them. The bandage should cover only the affected areas of the skin until a feeling of tangible warmth appears in the damaged part. In order to replenish heat in the body and improve blood circulation, the victim is given hot sweet tea. Damaged areas of the body need rest.
If the entire body is exposed to low temperatures for a long time, freezing and death are possible. Alcohol intoxication especially contributes to freezing. When freezing, a person first feels fatigue, drowsiness, and indifference, and with further cooling of the body, a fainting state occurs (loss of consciousness, respiratory and circulatory disorders). When breathing ceases and cardiac activity stops, death occurs.
3. First aid for electric shock
The effect of electric current on the human body is complex, but the most life-threatening damage to internal organs and, above all, the effect on the heart muscle. The degree of damage depends on the strength and voltage of the current, the time of exposure of the person to the current, and the individual sensitivity of the body to this damaging factor.
First aid. One of the main points when providing first aid is to immediately stop the electric current. This is achieved by turning off the current (turning the switch, switch, plug, breaking the wires), removing electrical wires from the victim (with a dry rope, stick), grounding or bridging the wires (connecting two current-carrying wires). Touching a victim with unprotected hands while the electric current is not turned off is dangerous. Having separated the victim from the wires (Fig. 1.), it is necessary to carefully examine him. Local injuries should be treated and covered with a bandage, as for burns.
Fig.1. Moving the victim away from the source of electric current using a dry stick
For injuries accompanied by mild general symptoms (fainting, short-term loss of consciousness, dizziness, headache, pain in the heart), first aid consists of creating peace and transporting the patient to a medical facility. It must be remembered that the general condition of the victim can sharply and suddenly deteriorate in the coming hours after the injury: disturbances in the blood supply to the heart muscle, secondary shock phenomena, etc. occur. Similar conditions are sometimes observed even in the affected person with the mildest general manifestations (headache, general weakness); therefore, all persons who have received an electrical injury are subject to hospitalization. As first aid, painkillers (0.25 g amidopyrine, 0.25 g analgin), sedatives (Bechterew's mixture, valerian tincture), cardiac medications (Zelenin drops, etc.) can be given.
In case of severe general phenomena, accompanied by respiratory distress or cessation, the development of a state of “imaginary death”, the only effective first aid measure is immediate artificial respiration, sometimes for several hours in a row. With the heart beating, artificial respiration quickly improves the patient's condition, the skin acquires a natural color, a pulse appears, and blood pressure begins to be determined. The most effective artificial respiration is mouth to mouth (16-20 breaths per minute).
After the victim regains consciousness, he must be given something to drink (water, tea, compote, but not alcoholic drinks and coffee), and covered warmly.
In cases where careless contact with an electrical wire occurred in a hard-to-reach place - on a power transmission tower, on a pole - it is necessary to begin providing assistance with artificial respiration, and in case of cardiac arrest, apply 1-2 blows to the sternum in the area of the heart and take measures to lower the victim as soon as possible to the ground where effective resuscitation can be carried out.
First aid for cardiac arrest should be started as early as possible, i.e. in the first 5 minutes, when the cells of the brain and spinal cord are still living. Help consists of simultaneous artificial respiration and external cardiac massage. It is recommended to continue cardiac massage and artificial respiration until their functions are completely restored or obvious signs of death appear. If possible, cardiac massage should be combined with the administration of cardiac drugs.
The victim is transported in a lying position. During transportation, such a patient should be closely monitored, because at any time he may experience respiratory or cardiac arrest, and one must be prepared to provide quick and effective assistance along the way. When transporting victims who are unconscious or have not fully restored spontaneous breathing to a medical facility, artificial respiration cannot be stopped.
It is strictly prohibited to bury someone struck by lightning in the ground! Burying in the ground creates additional unfavorable conditions: it worsens the victim’s breathing (if any), causes cooling, impedes blood circulation and, most importantly, delays the time for providing effective assistance.
Victims who do not go into cardiac arrest after being struck by lightning have a good chance of survival. If several people are simultaneously struck by lightning, assistance must be provided first to the victims who are in a state of clinical death, and only then to others who have preserved signs of life.
Prevention of lightning damage: during a severe thunderstorm, turn off the TV, radio, stop telephone conversations, close the windows. You cannot be in open areas or take cover under lonely trees, or stand near masts or poles.
4. First aid for drowning, suffocation
Asphyxiation (drowning, suffocation, covering with earth and other cases). May occur as a result of compression (by hands, noose), most often of the larynx, trachea (suffocation), filling of the airways with water (drowning), mucus, vomit, earth, closing the entrance to the larynx with a foreign body or sunken tongue, with swelling of the larynx due to infectious diseases (diphtheria, influenza, tonsillitis), paralysis of the respiratory center, for a number of other reasons.
First aid for a drowning person. When removing it from the water, you must be careful; you should swim up from behind. Grabbing the drowning person by the hair or under the armpits, turn him face up and swim to the shore, not allowing him to grab you. After being removed from the water, the victim is placed on his stomach on a bent knee, so that the head is lower than the chest, and any piece of material is used to remove water and vomit from the mouth and throat. Then the chest is compressed with vigorous movements to remove water from the trachea and bronchi. In case of drowning, paralysis of the respiratory center occurs within 4-5 minutes, and cardiac activity can persist for 15 minutes. After the airways are cleared of water, the victim is placed on a flat surface and artificial respiration is started. If necessary, external cardiac massage. Resuscitation is carried out for a long time over several hours until spontaneous breathing is restored or undoubted signs of biological death appear.
First aid for suffocation is provided in the same way. The cause is eliminated, as a result of which the airways are compressed and artificial respiration is started.
With swelling of the larynx, noisy, difficult breathing is noted, and the skin turns blue. It is necessary to put a cold compress on the outer surface of the neck, and lower the sick person’s legs into a hot bath. If possible, inject 1 ml of 1% diphenhydramine solution subcutaneously. It is necessary to transport the patient to a medical facility as quickly as possible.
Covering with earth. May be accompanied by severe injuries, ruptures of small veins of the face and neck. It is necessary first of all to restore the patency of the airways, clear the mouth and throat of soil and begin resuscitation measures - artificial respiration, cardiac massage. Only after recovery from clinical death do they begin to inspect the injuries, apply tourniquets to the limbs if they are injured, and administer painkillers. In all cases, when providing assistance to someone removed from water or from under a rubble, it is very important to prevent even temporary cooling. To warm up, you can use dry rubbing with brushes, cloths, woolen gloves, use camphor alcohol, vinegar, vodka, ammonia and other skin irritants. It is impossible to warm up with heating pads or bottles of warm water, as this can cause undesirable consequences (redistribution of blood, burns).
Conclusion
In all situations, first aid techniques are aimed at preserving a person's life, preventing injury or conditions that could worsen the condition, and promoting recovery.
It is important to understand exactly what needs to be done first and what the subsequent order of urgent actions is.
When providing first aid, it is important, first of all, to find out what happened (and without risking the victim or one’s own life), ensure the victim’s continued safety, provide the necessary assistance in case of injury or other incidents, and also decide on transportation home or, if necessary, to a medical facility.
The more we learn now, the more effective the benefit that can be provided in an extreme situation.
Thus, the purpose of the abstract has been achieved, the main tasks have been solved.
Literature
1. Civil defense /ed. V. I. Zavyalova. - M: Medicine, 1999.
2. Kuzmenko V.V., Zhuravlev S.M. "Traumatological and orthopedic care." - M: Medicine, 1996.
3. Guide to the medical service of civil defense / ed. A. I. Burnazyan. - M: Medicine, 1993.
4. Collection of the best abstracts / E. V. Velik, T. I. Vodolazskaya, O. V. Zavyazkin, M. II. Ilyasheako, C 54 A. A. Ilyashenko, S. A. Miroshnichenko. - Moscow; Publishing house "BAO-PRESO, 2004. - 624 p.
