They say there is a scale of psychotypes. How can you find out how your own child is growing up in order to help him fight his negative traits? Zinaida K., Gomel.
The classification of accentuations was developed by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard in 1968. Based on his works and the research of Russian psychiatrist Pyotr Gannushkin, Soviet psychiatrist, Honored Scientist Andrei Lichko created his own personality typology.
PARANOID
Traits of this psychotype rarely appear in childhood; the guys are focused on one thing, serious, preoccupied, striving to achieve what they want at any cost.
High degree of determination. Such teenagers subordinate their lives to achieving a goal (quite large-scale), while being able to neglect the interests of others. They are ready to sacrifice well-being, give up entertainment, comfort and other joys common to children.
High energy; independence; independence; reliability in cooperation when goals coincide with the aspirations of the people with whom they work.
Repulsive features: irritability, anger, if something or someone gets in the way of the goal; weak sensitivity to other people's grief; authoritarianism.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: extremely ambitious in big things, not in small things.
When making contact, they often suppress their interlocutor, are overly categorical in their judgments, and can hurt others with their words. They don’t notice their own conflict.
Completely unsentimental, friendship is viewed as a continuation of a common great cause. Friends are only comrades.
Attitude to study and work. Only those subjects that are needed now or will be needed in the future are carefully studied. To do this, they can go to the library, take extra classes, buy a lot of books, and read during breaks. And everything else in school is of no value.
The greatest success is achieved in individual creative work. Unsurpassed generators of big ideas and non-standard approaches to solving complex problems.
EPILEPTIOID
From preschool age, children predisposed to this type are thrifty with clothes and toys. They react sharply to those who try to take possession of their property; From the first school years they show increased accuracy.
Love of order, desire to maintain what has already been established, conservatism; high energy (students willingly engage in physical education, run, speak loudly, organize everyone around them, and with their activity often disturb others). In extreme situations, teenagers become brave and even reckless; in everyday life they show anger, explosiveness, and pickiness.
Attractive character traits: thoroughness, accuracy, diligence, thrift (often turning into pedantry), reliability (they always keep promises), punctuality (in order not to be late, they will set 2 alarm clocks and also ask their parents to wake them up), attentiveness to health.
: insensitivity to the grief of others, excessive irritability due to noticed disorder, carelessness of others or violation of rules.
The “weak link” of the psychotype: They cannot tolerate disobedience and violently rebel against infringement of their own interests.
Features of communication and friendship. They do not make casual acquaintances; they prefer to communicate with childhood friends and schoolmates. If they consider someone a friend, then they fulfill all the obligations that friendship imposes. Betrayal, either in friendship or in love, will never be forgiven.
Attitude to study and work. They are goal-oriented, complete all homework, do not skip classes, and are usually excellent students. Growing up, they perform best in work related to maintaining order, rules and regulations adopted by someone else (for example, a financier, lawyer, teacher, military man, etc.).
HYPERTIME
Those belonging to this psychotype have been distinguished since childhood by their noisiness, sociability, and courage; prone to mischief. They lack a sense of distance in relationships with adults.
Dominant character traits: high spirits, extroversion, joy from communication, good health and blooming appearance.
Attractive character traits: energy, optimism, generosity, desire to help people, initiative, talkativeness, cheerfulness; the mood is almost independent of what is happening around.
Superficiality, inability to concentrate on a specific task or thought, constant desire to do something more interesting at the moment, jumping from one thing to another (such guys sign up for several clubs or sections at once, but do not go to any one for more than 1-2 months ), disorganization, familiarity, frivolity, readiness
at unrestrained risk.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: cannot tolerate a monotonous environment, monotonous work that requires painstakingness or a sharp limitation of communication; they are oppressed by loneliness and forced idleness.
Features of communication and friendship. They always act as merry fellows and jokers. Their home is a meeting place for friends and acquaintances, where anyone can come and stay as long as they like. They are always drawn to the company and strive for leadership among their peers. They can easily find themselves in an unfavorable environment and are prone to adventures.
They are not capable of deep affection. They are characterized by love for their neighbor (and not for all humanity); rush to help without hesitation. In friendship they are kind and unforgiving. Having offended someone, they quickly forget about it and will be sincerely happy the next time they meet; if necessary, they will apologize for the offense caused and do something nice.
Attitude to study and work. Schoolchildren of this psychotype would achieve significant success if they were not so frivolous and could concentrate on one subject. All subjects are easy for them, but the knowledge they receive at school is superficial and often unsystematic. They are constantly late for classes and skip classes (especially those classes in which they are bored and have no opportunity to express themselves). It’s easy to catch up on lost time: for example, before a test or exam, they don’t sleep for one night and learn almost everything.
Capable of achieving success in any business. At first, everything goes well for them, achievements appear, but if routine work begins, it becomes uninteresting, the activity ceases to be new, then they are ready to quit at the first opportunity and switch to something else.
Noisy and overactive, they often create the appearance of productive activity (they willingly and eagerly get down to business, plan a lot of events, hold meetings, etc.), which helps to build a career.
HYSTEROID
This psychotype is visible from early childhood. A cute baby, in front of a large number of adult strangers, recites poems, sings songs, and demonstrates his talents and outfits without any embarrassment. The main thing for him is admiring spectators. If guests sat down at the table and forgot about it, it will certainly attract attention again. If unsuccessful, he will knock over a glass on the tablecloth or break a saucer.
Dominant character traits: demonstrativeness; the desire to constantly be the center of attention, sometimes at any cost; thirst for constant admiration or surprise, veneration, worship.
: perseverance, initiative, sociability, dedication, resourcefulness, activity, pronounced organizational skills, independence and willingness to take leadership (although after a burst of energy, the listed qualities quickly fizzle out).
Repulsive character traits: a tendency to intrigue and demagoguery, hypocrisy, cockiness, recklessness, thoughtless risks (but only in the presence of spectators), boasting of non-existent successes, taking into account only one’s own desires, inflated self-esteem, touchiness.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: inability to bear blows to egocentrism, exposure of fictions.
Features of communication and friendship. They constantly need numerous viewers. In principle, this is the main form of their life (in public and for people). But, as a rule, they communicate only with those who express their admiration and idolize their abilities and talent. Very often they are selective, striving to be friends with famous people in order to be in the shadow of their fame, or with those who lose to them in order to shade themselves even more.
Attitude to study and work. Often this is just a reason for communication, an opportunity to express yourself among people. They go to school for fun. To attract attention, they study not just well, but better than anyone else, surprising teachers with their abilities in various subjects.
In principle, these are gifted, talented people who are easily given professions related to artistic creativity. They work best
outside the team and mandatory framework.
SCHIZOID
Since school years, such children love to play alone, are not attracted to classmates, avoid noisy fun, preferring the company of older children. In adolescence, isolation and isolation, and an inability to empathize with others are striking.
Dominant character trait: introversion. This is a pronounced mental type, constantly analyzing the surrounding reality.
Attractive character traits: seriousness, restlessness, taciturnity, stability of interests and constancy of activities. As a rule, these are talented, smart and unpretentious schoolchildren. Productive, they can work on their ideas for a long time, but do not push through them, do not implement them.
Repulsive character traits: isolation, coldness, rationality. Such children have little energy and are inactive.
with intense work - both physical and intellectual. Emotionally cold. Their egoism is unconscious.
At the same time, they are vulnerable, because they are proud. They do not tolerate criticism of their system.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: They cannot tolerate situations in which it is necessary to establish informal emotional contacts, and the violent intrusion of strangers into their inner world.
Features of communication and friendship. Very selective; people are hardly noticed, like many things in the material world. But they still need communication that is deep and meaningful. The circle of people with whom they come into contact is limited (as a rule, they are older).
They are characterized by self-sufficiency in the sphere of relationships; they can communicate with themselves or with one person. A friend is one who understands their characteristics well and does not pay attention to oddities, isolation and other negative character traits.
Attitude to study and work. They are capable and talented, but require an individual approach, since they have a special vision of the world, their own point of view on ordinary phenomena and objects, unlike others. They know how to study a lot, but not systematically, because it is difficult to fulfill generally accepted requirements, and not according to the scheme they themselves invented.
When they see that a teacher evaluates the result of work, and not formal compliance with mandatory rules, they show all their talent. If the teacher and parents require children of this psychotype to solve problems in a strictly defined way (as explained in class), then they will fall behind, despite the fact that they are quite capable of solving the same problems in several original ways. This applies not only to mathematics, but also to other academic subjects.
Most often, such guys make excellent scientists, for example mathematicians or theoretical physicists.
PSYCHASTHENOID
Along with some timidity and timidity, such children have a tendency to reason and have intellectual interests that are beyond their age. From a young age they suffer from various phobias - fear of strangers, new objects, darkness, being alone at home, etc.
Dominant character traits: uncertainty and anxious suspiciousness, fear for one’s future and loved ones.
Attractive character traits: accuracy, seriousness, conscientiousness, prudence, self-criticism, even mood, loyalty to promises, reliability.
Repulsive character traits: indecisiveness, a certain formalism, a tendency to long discussions, soul-searching. There may be fears regarding an unlikely future, based on the principle “no matter what happens” (hence the belief in omens).
Another form of protection against constant fears is conscious formalism and pedantry, which are based on the idea that if everything is carefully thought out in advance, foreseen and then acted without deviating a single step from the planned plan, then troubles can be avoided.
Such teenagers find it difficult to make decisions; they constantly doubt: have they taken everything into account? But if they dare, they begin to act immediately, because they are afraid that they will change their mind.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: fear of responsibility.
Features of communication and friendship. They are shy, self-conscious, and do not like to make new contacts. They have few friends, but this friendship lasts forever. They remember the smallest details of the relationship and are sincerely grateful for your attention.
Attitude to study and work. They are able to study without raising their heads, showing determination, perseverance and perseverance for a long time, because they are afraid of upsetting their loved ones and teachers with low grades. The result obtained is checked against reference books, dictionaries, and encyclopedias; They'll call a friend and ask him.
These are the ideal subordinates: They will complete any work carefully, accurately and on time, if the task is specific and there are instructions clearly regulating the procedure for its implementation. Such people like a quiet profession, for example, a librarian, accountant, or laboratory assistant.
SENSITIVE
From the first steps, these guys are fearful, afraid of loneliness, darkness, animals, especially dogs. They avoid active and noisy peers, but are sociable with those they are accustomed to; They love to play with kids: they feel confident and calm. They are very attached to their family and friends, these are “home children”: they try not to leave their native walls, they do not like to visit, much less travel somewhere far away (for example, to another city, even if their beloved grandmother lives there).
Dominant character traits: increased sensitivity, impressionability. Children are timid and shy, especially among strangers and in unusual surroundings. They see many shortcomings in themselves.
Attractive character traits: kindness, calmness, attentiveness to people, sense of duty, high internal discipline, responsibility, conscientiousness, self-criticism, increased demands on oneself. They strive to overcome their weaknesses.
Repulsive character traits: suspiciousness, fearfulness, isolation, a tendency to self-flagellation and self-humiliation, confusion in difficult situations, increased sensitivity and conflict on this basis.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: They cannot tolerate ridicule or suspicion from others of unseemly actions or unfriendly attitudes.
Features of communication and friendship. They contact with a narrow circle of people who arouse their sympathy. They avoid meeting and communicating with the lively and restless in every possible way. They prefer to share experiences and sensations with old friends.
Attitude to study and work. They study because they do not want to upset their relatives and teachers. They are embarrassed to answer at the board, they are afraid that they will be called an upstart. With a friendly attitude from teachers, they show excellent results.
For them, work is something secondary; the main thing is warm and kind relationships with colleagues and the support of their manager. They can be executive and dedicated secretaries, assistants, etc.
HYPOTHYME
They don’t show much joy and are offended by everyone, especially their parents. There is an expression of dissatisfaction on their faces, frustration because they did not do it the way they wanted.
Dominant character trait: always in minor.
Attractive character traits: conscientiousness, a sharp critical view of the world. They strive to be at home more often, to create comfort and warmth, thereby avoiding unnecessary worries.
Repulsive character traits: touchiness, vulnerability, despondency, a tendency to look for illness in oneself, almost no interests and hobbies. Fast fatiguability.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: open disagreement with a different perception of reality.
Features of communication and friendship. Often and for a long time they are offended by others and friends, although they urgently need communication, so that they have someone to complain about life, about the fact that they were not understood or appreciated. I like to talk about the difficult circumstances in which I found myself. The advice of your interlocutor will be answered with a lot of arguments why nothing can be changed and it will only get worse.
It is difficult to be friends with such children: They see in any person a possible reason for the deterioration of their mood.
Attitude to study and work. They prove themselves by memorizing the material well and carefully completing assignments, but they are not particularly interested in the depth and content itself. They study for fear of a bad grade. Citing illness, they may skip classes, most often in physical education, labor training and other subjects, the teachers of which do not make allowances for a bad mood.
It happens that they complain about people, circumstances, and ask to be given another task. But everything repeats itself: shortcomings, negative aspects in the organization of production or traits in others - a whole uprising in the soul. It's hard to do one thing all the time.
CONFORMAL TYPE
This type is quite common. Children agree with everything that their immediate environment offers, but as soon as they fall under the influence of another group, they change their attitude towards the same things to the opposite. They lose their personal attitude towards the world - judgments and assessments will coincide with the opinions of those with whom they communicate at the moment. Moreover, they do not stand out, do not impose their opinions, representing the masses who agree with the leader.
Dominant character traits: excessive adaptability to the environment, almost complete dependence on family and company. Life flows under the motto: “Think like everyone else, do like everyone else, and so that everything is like everyone else.” This extends to clothing style, behavior, and views on important issues. These teenagers become attached to their peer group and unconditionally accept its value system without criticism.
Attractive character traits: friendliness, diligence, discipline, complaisance. They will not be a source of conflict or discord.
They listen to the guys’ stories about “exploits”, agree with proposals from leaders, willingly participate in “adventures”, but then they can repent. They lack their own courage and determination.
If the micro-team seems significant and has a positive orientation, then together with it they can achieve serious success, for example, by studying in some section.
Repulsive character traits: lack of independence, almost complete lack of criticality towards oneself and the immediate environment.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: They cannot tolerate drastic changes or disruption of life patterns.
Features of communication and friendship. They easily establish contacts with people and at the same time imitate leaders. Friendly relationships are fickle and depend on the current situation. They do not strive to excel among friends and do not show interest in making new acquaintances.
Attitude to study and work. If everyone around them studies well, then they will make an effort to keep up with their friends. The attitude towards work also depends on the mood of the team; are able to demonstrate diligence, diligence, creativity and ingenuity, and carry out everything that is assigned. Or they may shirk or do work formally if there are slackers nearby.
UNSTABLE TYPE
From childhood they are disobedient, restless, climb everywhere, but at the same time they are afraid of punishment and easily obey their peers.
Dominant character traits: complete inconstancy of manifestations, dependence on any person who is nearby at that moment. Easily influenced.
Attractive character traits: sociability, openness, helpfulness, goodwill, speed of switching in business and communication.
Often, outwardly, such teenagers are obedient, ready to fulfill the requests of adults, but their desires quickly disappear; very soon they forget about their word or are lazy, they come up with a lot of reasons why they cannot do what they promised.
Repulsive character traits: craving for empty pastime and entertainment, talkativeness, agreement, irresponsibility.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: neglect, lack of control.
Features of communication and friendship. Non-conflicting. Their contacts are pointless. They can be part of several groups at once, adopting the rules and style of behavior of each team. Tend to live for today; They sit for hours in front of the TV, listening to music. They act as assistants to leaders.
Attitude to study and work. Under the influence of another hobby, they may begin to study well or abandon their studies, which will inevitably lead to large gaps in knowledge. Further studies become more difficult.
Their knowledge is unsystematic, their attention is unstable, and during lessons they are often distracted from work for a long time. Homework is done
reluctantly.
Such people do not make good specialists.
ASTHENIC
Since childhood, they have poor sleep, poor appetite, are often capricious, and are afraid of everything. Sensitive to loud sounds, bright light; they quickly tire of even a small number of people; strive for solitude.
Dominant character traits: increased fatigue, irritability.
Attractive Character Traits: accuracy, discipline, modesty, complaisance, diligence, friendliness, forgivingness.
Repulsive character traits: moodiness, self-doubt, lethargy, forgetfulness.
Such teenagers are timid, shy, have low self-esteem, and cannot stand up for themselves. They experience great anxiety when external circumstances change, stereotypes are broken, because their psychological defense mechanism is getting used to things
and way of life.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: sudden affective outbursts due to severe fatigue and irritability.
Features of communication and friendship. They do not strive for close relationships due to uncertainty and do not show initiative. The circle of friends is limited.
Attitude to study and work. Low self-esteem often gets in the way. Constant doubts, feelings of anxiety and fear of making a mistake prevent you from working normally in class and answering at the board, even when the material has been learned. Work is tiring and does not bring joy or relief. Heavy and tense causes irritation. They need periodic rest or alternation of different types of activities.
LABILE TYPE
They often catch colds. They are capable of getting upset because of an unflattering word, an unfriendly look, or a broken toy. Pleasant words, a new suit or book, good news quickly lift your spirits and give a cheerful tone to the conversation, but at any moment another “trouble” can change everything.
Dominant character trait: extreme mood swings from insignificant reasons. The state of mind determines everything: appetite, sleep, general well-being, desire to communicate, learn, performance.
Attractive character traits: good nature, sensitivity, affection, sincerity, responsiveness (during periods of high spirits). Loyalty to those with whom you are on good terms, who are loved and cared for. Moreover, this attachment remains, even if the mood has changed.
Repulsive character traits: irritability, short temper, pugnacity, weakened self-control. During a normal conversation, they can flare up and say something impudent and offensive.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: emotional rejection of significant people, loss of loved ones or separation from those to whom they are attached.
Features of communication and friendship. It all depends on my mood. If you are happy and satisfied with life, then you establish contacts with great desire; if you are upset and not satisfied, then they are minimal.
They have developed intuition and easily determine a “good” and a “bad” person when choosing a friend. They prefer to be friends with those who, during periods of low mood, know how to distract, console, tell something interesting, when attacked by others - to protect, and in moments of emotional upsurge - to share wild joy and fun. Capable of loyal friendship.
Attitude to study and work. Characterized by extreme variability; They react unpredictably to remarks and requests from the teacher or parents: in response to a remark they are able to laugh and joyfully begin to correct the mistake, but tears, irritation, and reluctance to obey the legitimate demands of the teacher are quite possible.
Knowledge is superficial and unsystematic, because such teenagers do not manage themselves and cannot be controlled by adults.
They switch gears, forget about their bad mood, if the work interests them, doesn’t get boring, and captivates them.
CYCLOID
These schoolchildren are no different from their peers, but from time to time they are unusually noisy, mischievous, and are constantly doing something. Then they become calm and controlled again. Adolescents experience periodic phases of mood swings, the duration of which ranges from several days to a week or more.
Dominant character trait: cyclical changes in the emotional background (high mood disappears, emotional decline puzzles everyone).
Attractive character traits: initiative, cheerfulness, sociability, when the soul is good.
Repulsive character traits: inconsistency, imbalance, indifference, outbursts of irritability, excessive touchiness and pickiness
to others. If you are overcome by sadness, then everything falls out of your hands; What was easy yesterday requires incredible effort today.
During a recession, it is more difficult to live, study, and communicate. Companies are annoying, risk, adventure, entertainment are losing their appeal. They become “homebodies” for a while.
Mistakes and minor troubles are very difficult to experience on pessimistic days. Just yesterday they won the tournament, but today the game isn’t going well, the coach is unhappy... It’s depressing, they don’t recognize their body, they don’t understand their irritation, they don’t want to see their loved ones.
They respond to remarks and remarks with dissatisfaction, although deep down they are very worried about these sudden changes. There is no feeling of hopelessness; they are confident that after some time everything will be fine again. You just need to survive the recession period.
“Weak link” of the psychotype: emotional rejection from significant people, a radical breakdown of life stereotypes.
Features of communication and friendship. Relationships with people are cyclical: the desire for communication, new acquaintances, reckless prowess are replaced by isolation, reluctance to talk even with parents
and close friends (“I’m so tired of you all”). They are truly friends with those who understand this inevitability of change in relationships and are not offended and forgive outbursts of irritability and resentment.
Attitude to study and work. Periods of active work in the classroom and at home are followed by stages when complete indifference to anything sets in.
In work, everything works out and works out as long as it’s interesting; as soon as the mood drops, they are dissatisfied with everything that is offered to them.
Based on the degree of severity, two types of character accentuations can be distinguished, which is necessary to know for an individual approach to raising a child, when choosing career guidance, and forms of personal and family psychotherapy:
obvious accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm. Character traits are expressed throughout life;
hidden accentuation is a common variant of the norm. Some special character traits appear mainly during psychological trauma.
These 2 types can transform into each other, which is influenced by family upbringing, social environment, professional activity, and physical health. In contrast to “pure” types, mixed forms of character accentuation are much more common.
Natalya Grigorieva, Associate Professor of the Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology of BSMU, Candidate of Medical Sciences. Sci.
Hysteria is a somewhat old-fashioned concept that in modern usage carries a negative connotation. People say: “stop being hysterical”, “hysterical with or without reason” when it comes to uncontrollable experiences. The scientific term used is histrionic character, which occurs in people without noticeable hysterical symptoms.
Bright, talented people who have taken place in a public profession may have a normal histrionic or hysterical personality type, and sick people suffering from epileptic seizures without epilepsy, blindness without eye diseases, and other psychogenic symptoms without organic lesions - hysterical neurosis.
Hysterical personality type: inner world and formation
A hysterical child is receptive and sensitive by temperament - he fights and cries when it hurts, and screams with delight when it’s fun. The child is looking for new sensations and is overwhelmed by them, sometimes unable to cope with the volume of experiences. A hysteroid has innate sensitivity, like a schizoid, but unlike him, a hysteroid child is drawn to people.The child is passionately involved in the game; he cannot be distracted in order to feed him. Only when hunger becomes intense does he suddenly realize that he is “terribly” hungry, right now and “very, very much”
From a conversation with the mother of a six-year-old boy.
In the childhood experiences of women with a hysterical personality type, one can find events and attitudes that ascribed power and value to the male sex. Typical situations are when a girl is painfully aware that adults prefer boys, and men have much more power than mother or women.
Grandfather kicked out my pregnant mother with the words: “I brought it in the hem, throw it on all four sides.”
From a therapeutic conversation.
When a girl child receives positive attention, it is associated with appearance, either with cuteness or naivety. Growing up, the girl notices that people of her gender are less valuable, and boys are even scolded using comparisons with girls - “you’re like a girl!”
The father of a histrionic woman is often emotional and explosive, which inspires horror in a sensitive girl. He attracts you and, at the same time, scares you. If there is no father in the family, then his absence makes men in the eyes of the girl exciting, unknown and suitable for idealization.
Having internalized the patriarchal stereotype “men have power, access to resources, they are strong and dangerous, and women are soft and kind, but weak and defenseless,” a woman - a hysterical personality type - seeks support and the basis of her own self-esteem in relationships with men whom she perceives as powerful and influential.
I like to ask groups one provocative question about women's rights. With an innocent face, I ask: “Tell me, in which country and in what year did women get the right to vote?” After this, those present strain the part of their memory that is responsible for knowing history, and offer options for a long time... They are rare, since the first such country was New Zealand in 1893. And when we finally finish guessing and name the facts, I ask the second of the prepared questions: “Tell me, from whom did they get this right?” Usually there is dead silence in the audience.
Excerpt from the book "I am a feminist. Do you want to talk about it?"
Maria SabunaevaHysterical boys, raised by a mother with a physically or psychologically absent father, develop in a hysterical direction as a result of contemptuous comparison with stereotypical “real men.” Idealized “real” men are strong, generous heroes, who “are like the moon to this bespectacled guy.”
If masculinity is belittled by the mother - “you wimp, where are you puffing yourself up”, or sexuality is belittled - “have you changed your panties, washed your bells?”, then the boy develops a feeling of male inadequacy that will accompany him into adulthood. The unconscious meaning of attracting attention to oneself in histrionic people is an attempt to prove that they themselves and their gender deserve respect, in contrast to childhood experiences.
Deep inside the hysterical personality is a small, frightened, imperfect child who copes as best he can in a world dominated by powerful others. Therefore, it is important for a histrionic personality to learn to rely on oneself, to believe that without sexism a personality is interesting in itself. That a man, for example, can be interested in the content of the thoughts and feelings of a histrionic woman, and resist her seductive sexual impulses.
Thus, often the source of a hysterical personality type is the feeling that one’s own gender identity is associated with problems against the background of innate sensitivity and receptivity.
Hysterical men have a painful awareness of the unattainability of the ideal of a real man - a strong macho who can do anything and defeat everyone. Innate emotionality was belittled by adults in the family or at school, as it was considered a girlish manifestation. Receptive hysterical men attract the attention of others, unconsciously proving that a man can be different while remaining a man.
Hysterical women have an understanding of the patriarchal structure - discrimination of women by men, the weakness and defenselessness of women and the strength and power of men. Emotionality and sensitivity develop into sexuality, through which attempts are made to correct the imbalance and become equal to men. A hysterical woman unconsciously proves to herself and others that she is valuable and has meaning in herself.
Hysteroid: relationships with others
The hysterical personality type is organized around themes of sexuality and sexual power. Normal desires for intimacy with others are intensified, filled with sexual energy. Hysteroids, especially women, are seductive without realizing the implicit sexual invitations in their behavior. And they are shocked when others perceive their behavior as initiating a sexual relationship.You say “no”, but your whole body seems to say “yes”.
From a retelling of a conversation between a young man and a girl
The self-esteem of histrionic people depends on the feeling that they have the same power as the person they fear or an authoritative person of the other gender - “this powerful person is part of me.” This idea is present in the psychology of female fans who idealize an idol, artist or singer.
A young attractive student became interested in a courageous and brutal teacher. She approached all men like a reverent follower, and it was not easy for them to ignore her seductiveness. When she received the signal that the teacher was also attracted to her, she experienced a sense of power, excitement, importance, and, at the same time, fear and guilt for receiving the attention of a married man.
It is important to regain the right to be outside the power of another, a separate and interesting person. It is difficult for a histrionic person to believe in his own importance. His emotional statements only seem theatrical or exaggerated: “I saw such a thing!” Having experience of devaluation, they do not expect respectful attention to feelings; they intensify them in order to convince themselves and others of their own right to self-expression.
When the hysteroid has the experience of being heard, he has the opportunity to describe his feelings believably without amplification.
Hysterical people may act out of spite of their own fears, appearing fearless, adventurous and bright. They seduce when they are afraid, put themselves on display when they are ashamed of their body, move into the spotlight when they unconsciously consider themselves inferior to others, strive to perform feats when they are afraid of aggression, provoke authority figures when they feel threatened by them.
Thus, they try to cope with internal anxiety and fears.
Sometimes a hysterical person in a state of stress “runs away” into physical symptoms - he wakes up, forgets, gets sick. It is important not to devalue the symptom by accusing the hysterical person of faking the disease.
The famous “glove paralysis” was described by Freud; its essence is that motor activity in the hand is lost. The disorder cannot have a physiological neurological cause, since nerve damage leading to hand paralysis will cause paralysis of the entire arm. This symptom resolved the internal conflict between the desire for sexual self-stimulation and the prohibition against it.
Symptoms of diseases without physiological causes - heart pain without diagnosable heart disease, intestinal problems with a healthy intestine and other diseases in the absence of physiological problems - are striking manifestations of a person who has a hysterical personality type. Symptoms of a disease can be presented as something objective, as something that cannot be ignored.
With the help of symptoms, a histrionic person tries to show more clearly what he really feels. However, from the point of view of those around him, he “overacts,” and as a result, he is not taken seriously, his feelings and suffering are devalued—the trauma is repeated.
She’s forty years old, and she’s all in red tights and miniskirts...
From gossip among women
The hysteroid pretends to be who it really is. Unlike the narcissist, who needs the admiration of others to fill the inner emptiness, the hysterical is overwhelmed with experiences and expresses them too vividly, too theatrically, or through psychosomatic symptoms, trying to be taken seriously.
“When you talk to me as an adult, I don’t believe you. When you say that I’m strong, point out my own achievements, I can’t believe it, I’m afraid to believe it, I don’t believe it. I feel weak, of little value, so I should at least be well-groomed. But when I look in the mirror, I feel like a terribly ugly ugly person!” The monologue of a beautiful woman who has a hysterical personality type can be perceived as coquetry, but the drama is that the intensity of her experiences is so high that it is difficult for her to cope with them. At the same time, due to the level of anxiety and internal conflicts from which she suffers, her emotionality appears to others as exaggerated or superficial, and her feelings change too quickly.
The hysteroid intensifies the emotion in order to convince others that it is actually experiencing it. At the same time, he retains the opportunity to retract his words if others reject him.
"I was sooooooo panicked!" - the hysterical woman says, widening her eyes, inviting her interlocutors to consider panic as actually absent or trivial. But there was panic there, and it’s difficult for a hysterical person to say this directly and calmly. Suddenly rejected? If they take you seriously, then good, that’s how it was, but if they reject you or make fun of you, then there was no panic, “I exaggerated specifically for laughs.”
If a histrionic person manages to combine his receptivity and sensitivity with a logical approach, amazing creative abilities appear. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the awareness of feelings and recognition of their significance, but also to the integration of thinking and feeling.
So, we have identified the following characteristics of a person who has a histrionic or hysterical personality type, and suggested ways to integrate them into life:
- The assimilation of the patriarchal stereotype “men have power, access to resources, are strong and dangerous, and women are soft and kind, but weak and defenseless,” leads to the fact that the hysterical woman seeks support and the basis of her own self-esteem in attachment to the men she perceives domineering. But it is important to look for support within the individual, perceiving oneself also outside the context of gender, as a person.
- It is important for hysterical men to accept themselves as “different”, not like the stereotype “macho who doesn’t cry.”
- The self-esteem of histrionic people depends on the feeling that they have the same power as the person they fear or an authoritative person of the other gender - “this powerful person is part of me.” It is also important to regain the right to be outside the power of another, a separate and interesting person.
- Increased feelings, theatricality. When the hysterical feels heard, he has the opportunity to describe his feelings believably without amplification.
- In a state of stress, he “runs away” into physical symptoms - he wakes up, forgets, gets sick. It is important not to devalue the symptom by accusing the hysterical person of faking a disease, but to listen to what the body wants to “tell” and check for the presence of an organic disease.
- If you manage to combine your receptivity and sensitivity with a logical approach, amazing creative abilities appear.
The basis
Openly drawing attention to yourself, your external manifestations and experiences in all possible ways (approved, disapproved). Loud, bright manifestation of oneself, free expression of one’s experiences. Anxiety in a situation of unnoticed, lack of spectators. Typical phrase: “Why are you ignoring me, not noticing me?” (worried). The search for hyper-security not only with attention, but in all other areas, for example financial.
Feverish personality disorder is characterized by an extreme interest in attracting the attention of others, favorable or unfavorable, to oneself. These are the people who grab the microphone, dig for attention, always change the subject themselves, act outrageously, throw tantrums and generally refuse to ignore.
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as evidenced by five of the following. Interactions with others are often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior. Has a speaking style that is overly impressionistic and lacks detail Shows self-destructiveness, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotions. Deliberately, i.e. easily influenced by others or circumstances. Sees relationships as more intimate than they actually are.
- Uncomfortable in situations where he or she is not the center of attention.
- Displays rapidly changing and shallow expressions of emotion.
- Constantly uses appearance to attract attention to himself.
Disharmonious, conflicting traits
2. Recklessness (behavior like “blonde driving”)
3.Alogicality, difficulties with logic, cause-and-effect relationships
4.Increased volume and brightness, making it difficult to be quiet and unnoticeable when necessary
5. Boasting (and I have more, better, cooler, you don’t)
Also, note that each time displays "borderline" behaviors from time to time. This has led to some theories that disordered personality disorder is a female manifestation of narcissistic personality disorder. They tend to exaggerate their problems. They may seek help from a therapist who deals with the perceived crisis, but often withdraw from the therapy program without following up when their feelings change.
Films depicting character traits of personality disorder
What is common among people with personality disorder is a break in a failed relationship where the partner is first idealized for their positive attributes, then devalued or "split" after disappointment. Personality disorders are mental health problems in which your personality and behavior cause you or others distress. There are many different types and potential causes of personality disorders, and the signs and symptoms vary. If you think you may have a personality disorder, you can find out more information here and consider seeking professional help.
6. Arrogance, “the highest light”
7.Impulsiveness, superficiality
8. When communicating, they have difficulty talking about someone/something other than themselves and their interests -> they present themselves rather than interact.
10. They treat their body like “plasticine”, something that can be easily remade -> frequent clients of plastic surgeons.
Harmonious features
What are personality disorders?
People think your behavior is unusual, you don't trust other people you come into contact with, you have problems at work and at school. Everyone's personality is unique. Personalities develop as people go through different life experiences. Most people are flexible enough to learn from the past and change their behavior when necessary. However, someone with a personality disorder has a much more difficult time controlling their behavior. They experience extreme thoughts and feelings - so intense that they have difficulty coping with everyday life.
1. Brightness, attractiveness, charm, the ability to be in the foreground (in front of the camera, the audience), the ability to present oneself.
2. Energetic, easy-going, sexy
3. Wide social circle, sociability, party life
4. Creativity, giftedness.
5. Attention to appearance, fashionability, youth, freshness.
Causes of Personality Disorders
They act in ways they cannot control and struggle to connect with situations and people. As a result of these problems, they often have significant problems and limitations in their relationships, social encounters, work and school. We don't yet know what exactly causes personality disorders. However, certain factors may make it more likely if someone develops it.
Family history of personality disorders or other mental health disorders or neglect in childhood unstable or chaotic family life in childhood diagnosed with child conduct disorder with loss of parents through death or traumatic divorce, other significant trauma in childhood. People with a personality disorder do not want to feel the way they do and are in no way responsible for the development of the disorder.
6. Ease of expressing your experiences, trust in your experiences.
7. Inspire, fill others with their experiences (feelings).
Fears, Displeasure from...
1. External ugliness, unattractiveness, old age, defective appearance
2. Orphan, standard, ordinariness in external manifestations, look like everyone else
Signs and symptoms of personality disorders
Some signs that a person has a personality disorder include. Frequent mood swings extreme dependence on other people narcissism tumultuous personal relationships social isolation angry outbursts suspicion and mistrust of others difficulties causing friends to need instant gratification poor impulse control alcohol or substance abuse. Don't be too alarmed if you recognize some of these personality traits in yourself. Everyone has their own different individual quirks.
3. To be left without spectators, isolation, obscurity
4. Secretiveness of emotions, feelings, inexpressiveness
The pleasure of...
1. Be the center of attention (I am handsome, attractive, young, fashionable, famous, cool)
2. A large number of fans, admirers
3. Wealth - I have a lot of money, I can buy everything
4. Expensive toys (cars, yachts, designer clothes, etc.)
In fact, personality disorders are not diagnosed until age 18 because our personality is in such a constant state of development until that age. What's different about people with personality disorders is that their behavior is extreme - and they are generally unable to adapt or change it.
Types of Personality Disorders
Some of the different types of personality disorders. Antisocial personality disorder: the tendency to not care about others, to be aggressive and violent, or to violate the rights of others. Avoidant personality disorder: Feeling hypersensitive to criticism or rejection and experiencing extreme shyness.
5. Brag about your “toys” (and mine are cooler)
6. I am the best (participation in beauty contests, etc.)
Professions (comfortable, fulfilling)
1. Media (foreground)
2. Show, cinema, theater, music
3. Striptease, professional sexuality
4. Modeling business
5. Beautiful wives of rich husbands, Alphonse
Borderline Personality Disorder: Acting impulsively, taking enormous risks, experiencing significant difficulties, having an explosive temperament, or unstable moods. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Believing that you are better than everyone else. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: being extremely controlled, preoccupied with perfection, rules, and order; Cannot throw away old or broken things.
Schizotypal personality disorder: Not caring about other people and unusual thoughts, such as "magical thinking", that is, believing that you can influence people and events with your thoughts. People with personality disorders do not always realize that they have a disorder because the way they think and behave seems so natural to them.
6. Bodybuilding
Games-Roles-Manipulations
2. Super star - model - actress, fame itself
3. Bohemianism, the “inner circle” of the most famous and rich people
Appearance
Bright, noticeable, fashionable, with pronounced sexuality
Physical activity
Swinging, bright, sexy
What to do about personality disorders?
The best ways to manage a personality disorder include. Psychological therapy from family, friends and local medications in some cases. Finding professional help is the first step to getting a proper diagnosis and creating a treatment plan that works for you.
Psychiatrists tend to use a diagnostic system that identifies 10 types of personality disorders. The types are grouped into three categories.
- Suspicious - paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal and antisocial.
- Emotional and impulsive - borderline, histrionic and narcissistic.
- Anxious - avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive.
Personal development (directions)
1. Peace of mind about your appearance, possible ugliness
2. Development of the ability to move away from attracting obvious attention to the role or activity itself
3. The ability to easily move from brightness and visibility to silence and invisibility, the ability to be alone with yourself, your inner world, experiences (without necessarily displaying them)
You may find that you meet the criteria for different types of personality disorders. It may also be that a wide range of people meet the criteria for the same disorder, despite having very different personalities and different individual experiences.
Schizotypal personality disorder
It is difficult to trust people, even your friends have a very difficult time trusting other people, believing that they will use you or take advantage of you, you will keep a close eye on others, look for signs of betrayal or hostility, read threats and danger, See in everyday situations. Be uninterested in forming close relationships with others, including those in your family, believe that relationships interfere with your freedom and tend to cause problems, prefer to be alone with your own thoughts, choose to live your life without interference from others, get have little enjoyment in life, little interest in sex or intimacy will be emotionally cold towards others. Finding close relationships is very difficult to think and express yourself in ways that others find "weird", using unusual words or phrases, behaving in ways that others consider eccentric, that you can read minds or that you have special powers such as " sixth sense", Feeling anxious and tense with others who do not share these beliefs, feeling very anxious and paranoid in social situations.
Antisocial personality disorder
You will be at least 18 years old.4. Logic, prudence, consistency, vision of cause and effect relationships
The main feature of the hysterical personality type is egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for the attention of others to one’s own person, the need to lead to surprise, delight, interest, sympathy, veneration. At worst, indignation and hostility are preferred, but not the opportunity to go unnoticed. Deceit and fantasy, so characteristic of a hysterical personality, are aimed at embellishing her own person in order to attract the attention of others with all her might. The apparent emotionality of a hysterical person actually turns into theatrical pretense of emotions, a penchant for panache and posing. Deep, sincere emotions, in most cases, are absent, despite the fact that hysteroids invariably imitate exceptional suffering and super-strong emotions.
Children with hysterical character traits happily read poetry, standing on a chair surrounded by adult spectators, sing and dance on stage under the admiring gaze of the audience. In adolescence, in order to attract attention, behavior disorders, alcoholism, and sexual excesses can be used. Delinquency boils down to absenteeism, a reluctance to study and work, since the drab life does not satisfy them, and to occupy a respectable position that would please their pride is not enough either qualities or, most importantly, perseverance and will. However, idleness and idleness are combined with high, practically unsatisfiable claims regarding the future profession. Hysteroids are also prone to defiant behavior in public places. In most cases, there are no more severe behavioral disorders.
Running away from home sometimes begins in childhood. Having run away, hysterical children strive to be where they will be looking for them, to attract the attention of the police, or by some indirect method to signal their relatives about their whereabouts.
Hysterical personalities tend to exaggerate their alcoholism: boast about the huge amount they drink or show off an exquisite set of alcoholic drinks. Ready to pretend to be drug addicts. Having heard a lot about drugs, having tried once or twice any available substitute, they love to describe their drug excesses, the extraordinary high, the use of extravagant drugs like heroin, ecstasy or LSD.
Borderline personality disorder
This diagnosis includes "psychopathy". This term is no longer used in the Mental Health Act, but the Psychopathy Checklist may be used in your assessment. When you are very shy, sometimes you can. For example, seeing or hearing things that other people do not feel numb or "verified" and do not remember things properly after they happened. Our detailed section to find out more.
Personality disorder
Feel very uncomfortable if you are not the center of attention, feel much more relaxed as the "life and soul of the party" believe that you need to entertain people by flirting or be provocative so that you remain the center of attention to gain a reputation Be dramatic and excessive feelings, dependent on the approval of others, easily influenced by others.Narcissistic personality disorder
Believe that there are special reasons that make you different, better or deserve more than others, have fragile self-esteem so that you rely on others to know your worth, and your needs are frustrated if others ignore you and don't give you what that you Feel that you deserve to be outraged by others' successes, putting your own needs above other people, and demand that they too be seen as selfish and "above you" to take advantage of other people.Avoidance personality disorder
Avoid work or social activities that mean you have to be with others, expect disapproval and criticism and be very sensitive to this, constantly worrying about being "recognized" and rejecting worries about being ridiculed or shamed by others , avoiding relationships, friendships and intimacy because you are afraid of rejection Feeling lonely and isolated, and others feel worse about refusing new activities if you embarrass yourself.Dependent personality disorder
Feeling poor, weak and unable to make decisions or function properly without help or support, allowing others to take responsibility for many areas of your life, agreeing with things you think are wrong or don't like, in order to avoid loneliness or lose support for what -person Being left to your own devices, you have low self-confidence, consider other people much more capable than you, as you see, others, too subordinate and passive.Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Need to keep everything in order and under control sets unrealistically high standards for yourself and others believe that your best way to make things worry when you or others may be wrong, disaster awaits, if something is not perfect, you don't want to waste money for oneself or others tends to hang on objects without any obvious value. The newborn comes into the world completely dependent on others to meet the individual's individual needs.A detailed inquiry also reveals that the information gathered from hearsay is quickly exhausted. In order to attract attention, imaginary illnesses, lies and fantasies are set into motion. By making things up, they easily get used to their role and mislead naive people. Among the simulated diseases may be mental disorders. Particularly popular are depersonalization and derealization experiences, ideas of action, phenomena of mental automatism, inner voice, splitting of the self. They, as well as demonstrative suicide attempts, can be resorted to at a time when they want to get out of some unpleasant story.
Hysterical accentuation can be combined with psychophysical infantilism. It is also formed during upbringing as a household idol. Hysterical individuals tend to take out failures among their peers on their parents, who become scapegoats for the fact that they will no longer be able, as in their youth, to present to those ready with everything they wanted, to get rid of difficulties, and to eliminate all the obstacles that have arisen along the way. Beloved, spoiled, caressed since childhood, they, to the surprise of their parents, repay them with coldness, and even bitterness. In addition to this, in the sexual behavior of a hysteroid there is quite a lot of play; The game they are mainly interested in is a game called Dynamo. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. Failure to occupy a prominent position, exposure of fabrications, failure of hopes, loss of attention from significant persons - all this can lead to acute affective reactions of a demonstrative type, up to imitation of suicide attempts, and to hysterical neurosis and demonstrative behavioral disorders.
In extreme events, the demonstrative and blackmailing behavior of a hysterical personality is actualized. In front of those around him, a hysterical person can show miracles of heroism, colored, but usually with theatrical affectation and emphasized drama, in the hope of making the necessary impression on the audience. In the absence of spectators, the hysterical personality is lost, revealing infantile-immature behavior, weakness, helplessness, and a lack of the necessary resources to resolve difficult life troubles.
Hysterical type
- 2. Historical type of law.
This is a category designed to express in general terms the common social-class features of all national legal systems corresponding to the historically determined economic basis of class society. Consequently, each class public economic formation is characterized by its own historical type of law - slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois, socialist. Division - Specialist type of criminal
Thus, scientific criminologists of the late 19th century identified a special type of offender - an experienced one. Initially, as can be seen from the above classification, they associated the concept of experienced with an indicator of perseverance, the reluctance of the criminal to refuse to commit offenses. At the congress, it was also noted that over the past 20 years this type of criminal has developed and - Labile type
The childhood of a person with a labile personality type is often marked by a tendency to neurotic reactions. In adolescence, the main feature of this type attracts attention - extreme variability, lability of mood, which changes too often and too sharply for insignificant or even imperceptible pretexts to others. Someone's unflattering statement, the unfriendly gaze of a random person - Asthenoneurotic type
The asthenoneurotic personality type reveals itself quite early - from childhood, various indicators of neuropathy are noted: restless sleep, poor appetite, tearfulness, moodiness, timidity, occasional night terrors, stuttering, tics, enuresis, etc. The main distinguishing features of this type are most clearly manifest themselves in adolescence: increased fatigue, irritability and a tendency to - Elemental-rational type
Another type of socio-political ideas may be called spontaneously rational. It is closest to those methods of cognition that are analyzed in the concept of social representations outlined above. Carriers of this type may have greater or lesser interest in public and political life, but in most cases not very intense, not associated with a strong identification with any particular - Epileptoid type
The epiliptoid personality type in most cases manifests itself already in young years: a child can cry for hours, and it is impossible to console him, distract him, rein him in, or force him to shut up. Very early, such children display sadistic tendencies: they love to torture animals, tease children, and mock the weak and helpless. Along with this, childish thriftiness in relation to everything one is also characteristic of: - 9.12.1. IgE-mediated and similar reactions (type I)
9.12.1. IgE-mediated and similar reactions (type - Hyperthymic type
Persons of the hyperthymic type from childhood are distinguished by great noisiness, sociability, excessive independence and a tendency to mischief. They have neither shyness nor timidity in front of strangers, but lack the emotion of distance in relation to adults. In games, they love to lead their peers. Hyperthymic people in most cases are favorites, for which they have all the information, and they are not favorites - Cycloid type
Until adolescence, a cyclonic person looks like a hyperthymic person - noisy, sociable, prone to leadership, with a constant zeal for risk and adventure, for games and mischief. In adolescence, the first subdepressive phase may appear, which is manifested by decreased mood, decreased performance, increased fatigue, lethargy, weakness, and loss of strength. Everything that used to be - Sensitive type
People of the sensitive type have been shy and fearful since childhood: they are afraid of the dark, avoid animals, especially dogs, and are afraid of being alone and being locked at home. They shun lively and noisy peers, avoid active games and mischief. These people are timid and shy with strangers, and in unusual situations they experience embarrassment and embarrassment. Because of their quirks, sensitive people will be able to
Hysterical personalities
A sharp change in mood - from deafening laughter to a shrill cry over any trifle, demonstrative behavior and eternal discontent. “Hysterical!” - they say behind such a person’s back.
But what is more here: promiscuity, bad manners, disrespect for others, lack of culture of behavior or something else? After all, hysteria is not just one-time inappropriate behavior of a person, a deliberate disregard for other people’s rights and interests.
This is an example of a complex and subtle mental disorder. In modern classifications, hysteria represents a whole group of mental disorders: from the so-called accentuation of character and personality disorder to somatoform and dissociative disorders.
The main feature of hysterical personalities, according to the figurative expression of K. Jaspers, is the desire to appear larger than they actually are.
The core of this character is egocentrism against the background of dysfunctional infantilism. Egocentrism is characterized by a not always conscious desire to attract attention to oneself.
A deep, talented person, as a rule, involuntarily finds himself in the center of attention; people themselves are drawn to him due to his significant personality and high creative achievements. He often not only does not strive to be at the epicenter, but sometimes feels burdened by it; he is often disgusted and hampered by popularity and the associated hype around his person. For such people, efficiency is more important than popularity.
Popularity is when everyone loves you, usually a little and not for long. And efficiency implies your qualities, abilities and skills. In contrast, it is easier to understand a hysterical person who craves to be the center of attention and at the same time is not too picky about the means and methods of achieving it. The main one is demonstrativeness, that is, the desire to put oneself on display.
Hysterical disorders are one of the most amorphous and multifaceted forms of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders. “There is no more controversial concept, both in content and scope, than the concept of “hysteria,” wrote psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in 1913.
The concept of "hysteria" has a long history, spanning more than 4,000 years. The symptoms of this mental disorder were described in the Ebers papyrus back in 1700 BC: seizures, nervousness, overly vulnerable pride, fainting and the ability to imitate almost any disease.
The concept of hysteria began with the ancient Egyptian idea that if the uterus is not anchored, it will wander throughout the body and stop at a certain place, causing hysterical symptoms there.
Ancient Greek doctors Galen and Hippocrates also believed that the dramatic changes in the emotional state of such patients and their vague complaints about physical well-being were caused by a disease accompanied by displacement of the uterus (from the Greek. hystera– uterus).
Treatment consisted of procedures to help return the uterus to its normal position. Basic techniques included fumigating or anointing the vagina with incense, or applying foul-smelling toxic substances to the “affected” area.
Hippocrates' prescriptions often included regular sex life, marriage, and childbearing (recommendations by doctors most often given to hysterical patients today).
IN Middle Ages hysteria was perceived as demonic possession and was often treated with exorcism. For this purpose, various specific procedures were used: from the well-known “reprimands” to this day, exile to a monastery or insane asylum, to burning at the stake in the event of additional accusations of witchcraft and relations with the devil.
Much later, I encountered a purpose similar to Hippocratic Sigmund Freud. Among his first patients was Lisa Pufendorf, who suffered from hysteria. It turned out that due to the fact that Lisa’s husband was impotent, she, having been married for 18 years, remained a virgin.
Freud asked a gynecologist he knew how to help the patient, and he cynically replied: “The only remedy that can be prescribed in this case is known to us too well, but it cannot be written out in a prescription. It should look like this: “Penis normalis dosim repetatur!” (“Normal penis in repeated doses!”).”
Freud was shocked and resisted the idea of the predominantly sexual nature of man. However, the facts confirming the significance of sexuality literally haunted him, and in the end he recognized the influence of libido on the human psyche.
Although psychoanalytic theory derives from Freud's explanation of the symptoms of hysteria, his primary interest focused on conversion hysteria (the bodily manifestations of hysteria—hysterical arcs, pseudoparalysis, and a variety of other variants) rather than on hysterical personality traits.
In early psychodynamic descriptions, he emphasized unresolved oedipal conflicts as the primary cause of the disorder. Suppression is considered to be the most characteristic type of defense.
Based on the belief that the release of repressed sexual emotions would lead to a cure, psychoanalytic therapy for hysteria initially consisted of suggestive influences and hypnosis to respond to emotions and alleviate the patient's condition.
Freud later modified his method to include the use of free association, resistance interpretation, and transference. This was supposed to facilitate the achievement of the so-called insight (clarification, enlightenment), which, as the father of psychoanalysis mistakenly believed, automatically causes catharsis (purification, liberation). Although the treatment of hysteria was considered the basis of the psychoanalytic method, very few well-described controlled studies have been published.
Conversion in psychology means a protective mechanism of the psyche, manifested in the tendency to translate psycho-emotional stress into bodily (somatic) reactions and dysfunctions. This refers to functional disorders of the sensory-motor sphere and the activity of internal organs that do not reveal an organic basis, characterized by the unusual and bizarre localization of painful disorders.
Since the transformation occurs unconsciously, patients usually sincerely believe in their serious illness. This belief creates the basis of the clinical picture, since from the inside it sets the nature of the dysfunction, reflecting the person’s ideas about how the disease “should” manifest itself.
Typically, “lesions” correspond to common ideas about the anatomy and function of organs, and not to real zones of innervation and functioning mechanisms. This manifestation is most typical in individuals of a hysterical type.
A clear example of conversion at the symptom level is the so-called globus hystericus (lat. globus hystericus), when a person is bothered by the sensation of a foreign body (lump) in the throat, a feeling of pressure in the neck, which usually weakens somewhat while eating. Sometimes a lump alone is not enough, and with a high level of psycho-emotional stress, bodily symptoms turn into a pronounced disorder that causes serious dysfunction.
One example of such a disorder is the story of Hitler. On October 15, 1918, Corporal Adolf Hitler lost his sight during an enemy gas attack. Treatment at the Bavarian field hospital in Udenard did not produce results.
The doctors came to the conclusion that the retina, optic nerve and visual analyzer were not damaged, however, despite the healthy organ of vision and intact pathways with a working analyzer in the occipital cortex, the patient continued to remain blind. He was transferred to the psychiatric ward of the Prussian rear infirmary in Pasewalk.
Hitler could not move without the help of a nurse. His eyes were covered with a blindfold. He believed that he was blind for the rest of his days, and was consumed by the misfortune that befell him. A disabled man, crushed by misfortune, was admitted to the infirmary and fell into the hands of an inquisitive doctor - Edmund Forster, a German psychiatrist who later became a professor.
Adolf Hitler did not suspect that a month later he would leave the hospital as a different person, and not just a sighted one. How did an insecure corporal, whom his fellow soldiers considered unremarkable, in all characteristics described as “poorly initiative and driven,” suddenly become a brilliant speaker, hypnotically affecting the crowd, a political leader and in 1934 the Fuhrer, the leader of the nation?
British historian and writer David Lewis, in his book “The Man Who Created Hitler,” argues that in fact the future Fuhrer had to be treated not for physical blindness, but for a mental disorder, which consisted of conversion visual impairment. A side effect of the unusual treatment proposed by Dr. Forster, according to Lewis, was the transformation of the personality of Adolf Hitler and his mental initiation.
German psychiatrists were well acquainted with the symptoms of hysteria. During the First World War, she mowed down the ranks of German soldiers who ended up in psychiatric clinics from regular hospitals with pseudoparalysis, pseudo-blindness, pseudo-deafness, astasia and abasia (loss of the ability to walk and stand without brain damage), and other conversion options.
The government has set the task of returning “involuntarily malingerers” to service as quickly as possible. The technology for their speedy cure, literally and figuratively, was forged by medical enthusiasts on the arriving front-line soldiers.
What is the essence of technology and effective communication with a hysterical client? Today we would most likely call this method Ericksonian hypnosis. Although Milton Highland Erickson himself was just under seventeen years old at that time, and the next year he had to suffer from polio, which eventually confined the scientist to a wheelchair.
Erickson created his version of hypnosis, which later received his name, only 20 years later. However, Edmund Forster used the techniques of adjustment, rapport, trance induction and metaphors much earlier.
Thanks to his extensive experience in dealing with such patients, he knew their characteristics, “open spaces” and leading motives very well. The ambitious psychiatrist began his “boa constrictor dance” with a sure shot: he invited the infirm corporal straight into his office and stunned him with words that supposedly immediately singled him out as a very unusual and significant person.
“What happened to you is not ordinary blindness,” Forster continued, looking closely at the slightest non-verbal reactions of Hitler. “This is a sign from above!”
And the ambitious Adolf, who as a child spent hours looking at religious symbols in the church, and seconds before this conversation, believed in his destiny least of all in his entire adult life, asked with dry lips what the respected doctor means? And the doctor explained that since the higher powers that sent such a sign to the warrior have real plans for him, the treatment is doomed to success. “Come to me tomorrow and we will open your eyes,” the experimental psychotherapist promised.
The next day, Edmund Forster again began a conversation from afar with the somewhat excited Adolf Hitler. On the table at which the psychiatrist sat, there were two burning candles, for obvious reasons inaccessible to the gaze of the interlocutor. The doctor again gently went through all the key fibers of the corporal’s personality, purposefully preparing him for the apotheosis of hypnotic suggestion.
“Heaven,” Forster said in a soulful voice, continuing yesterday’s theme, “can give a real signal right here. If you are destined to influence the destinies of many people on this planet, your eyes will definitely open now.”
Taking into account the specifics of Hitler’s personality, his unconscious sphere of the psyche simply could not help but react to such a tempting offer. “And then you will see my silhouette and a white robe,” Forster said, already using his trained voice with all his might, putting into his viscous forms the traps of suggestion.
Oh, miracle! For the first time since being wounded in battle, Hitler noticed vague blurs in his eyes, and then found that he was able to distinguish the contours of his interlocutor and the white spot of his robe. “How many candles do you see on my table?” – the psychiatrist asked a control question. After pausing a little and letting his eyes get used to the sting of the light that flared up again after long weeks of darkness, Adolf whispered: “Two.”
The following days, quickly recovering and restoring his vision, Hitler indulged in deep thought. The conclusions he came to then sank into oblivion with him, but the whole world learned their consequences.
This hypnosis session and short-term therapy cost humanity dearly, including the doctor himself, when his protégé came to power. Now the hypnotist played the role of the rabbit.
When in 1933 Forster tried to publish information about the progress of the treatment of his patient, who by that time had become Chancellor of Germany, he began to receive threats. On Monday, September 11, 1933, at 8 a.m. (the most suicidal time is Monday morning), the doctor was found dead by his wife in the bathroom.
Edmund Forster was shot at close range, with a pistol lying next to him, which no one in the family knew anything about. A suspicion arose that this was not suicide, but the liquidation of an overly knowledgeable doctor.
It is not known for certain whether Forster passed away on his own, fearing the impending retribution, or whether he was helped by professionals who eliminated the Fuhrer’s personal enemies. But it is obvious that the ending of his life was closely connected with the fatal therapy.
Although psychoanalytic theories of the hysterical personality were better known than any other concept, they did not have a strong influence on official classifications.
For many years, the standard classification in the American Classification of Mental Illnesses of 1968 (DSM-II) was the so-called hysterical neurosis (including conversion reaction and dissociative reaction) and hysterical personality.
The term hysteria has been used to refer to such disparate phenomena as temporary loss of control due to severe stress, conversion disorder, Briquet's syndrome, personality disorder, and personality trait.
Most often it was used to describe easily excitable patients who were difficult to treat. K. Schneider suggested calling people of this type “demanding recognition.”
In an effort to reduce confusion (and possible sexist connotations) regarding the use of the term hysteria, the American Psychiatric Association did not include the term in its 1980 DSM-III classification. Instead, separate categories of somatization, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, dissociative and histrionic personality disorder (IPD) were designated.
The latest, 10th attempt to revise the International Classification of Diseases also identifies separate categories of dissociative (conversion) disorders, somatoform disorders and histrionic personality disorder.
According to it, a person suffering from hysteria is characterized by excessive emotionality, self-dramatization, theatricality and a desire to attract attention. These people constantly seek or demand support, approval, or praise from others.
Tantrums actively seek the attention of others through flashy, attractive behavior. They are overly concerned with their appearance, are often attractive, and feel most comfortable being the center of attention.
Their emotionality seems inappropriately exaggerated, labile and superficial. They tend to make general statements and have an impressive style of speech and behavior; excessively, to the point of obsessiveness, proactive, intense and assertive, emotionally excitable and craving stimulation, often responding to minor stimuli (both negative and positive) with unreasonably strong emotional outbursts.
Their speech is often energetic, emotionally charged, theatrical, accompanied by dramatic gestures and includes a lot of exaggeration. Hysterics tend to make blanket statements like, “This always happens to me!” They often talk about their symptoms, thoughts and actions as if they were external objects imposed on them against their will.
Emotions are intensely expressed, but are perceived as exaggerated or unconvincing, as if the patient is playing a role. The clothes of such people are dominated by a provocative style, bright or unusual colors. They abuse cosmetics, perfumes and hair coloring.
Their interpersonal relationships are disturbed, which is why healthy people around them often perceive them as narrow-minded, insincere, whimsical and overly dependent. It is precisely because of their dependence on the attention of others that individuals with hysteria are prone to separation anxiety and can resort to various tricks and manipulations as soon as they feel a threat.
In 1984, American researchers K. Standage, K. Bilsbury, S. Jane and D. Smith found that women diagnosed with hysteria had an impaired ability to perceive and evaluate their own behavior as it was perceived and evaluated by others in the same culture . A woman with histrionic personality disorder is defined more as a caricature of what is commonly considered femininity: vanity, superficiality, demonstrativeness, immaturity, excessive dependence and self-centeredness.
Hysteria more often diagnose among women. When this happens to men, they often point to homosexuality. However, this gender role specificity is more a consequence of our social expectations than true differences.
Hysteria is more adequately viewed as a caricature of sexual roles in general, including not only extreme femininity, but also the same masculinity, such as, for example, the image of a “macho” who seeks thrills, is superficial, vain and self-centered. In men, the characteristic masks of hysteria are often antisocial tendencies, and in women, hysteria in our time is often hidden behind psychosomatic reactions and illnesses.
One of the main ideas of a patient with hysteria is: “I am inadequate and incapable of living on my own.” This assumption and false thought pattern is also common in other personality disorders.
The hysterical person differs from others in how he tries to cope with the problem. For example, depressed people with this belief will fixate on negative aspects of themselves, feeling worthless and hopeless. Hysterical individuals, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach, leaving nothing to chance.
They conclude that since they are unable to take care of themselves, they must find a way to get others to take care of them. They then begin to actively seek attention and approval to ensure that those around them are sufficiently meeting their needs. The belief that everyone must love them for their survival leads to an intense fear of rejection.
The need to seek approval is often expressed through excessive expression of one's sexual role. Hysterical women from an early age were rewarded for grace, physical attractiveness and charm, rather than for competence or any effort that required systematic thinking, planning, patience.
Hysterical men have learned to play an extremely masculine role, being rewarded for courage, toughness, and strength rather than for actual competence or problem-solving ability.
Since the time of E. Kretschmer, ideas about demonstrative behavior (involuntary affectation, penance) of behavior have been considered in the light of the doctrine of hysteria. Female hysteria is predominantly extroverted and painfully addressed to the outside world and surrounding witnesses. Male hysteria is more often introverted and turned towards oneself: “I can manage without you!” (shelter in demonstrative passivity). Or it is characterized by internal bravado: “I love you all!..” (exit into the idea of one’s activity). This is already heroic hysteria.
The desire to be liked is not necessarily pathological in itself. However, hysterical individuals are so keen on this strategy that they use it ineffectively. Carried away by their role and attention, they lose sight of the real goal and begin to seek excitement and dramatization for their own sake: the path from the idea of being liked to the habit of showing off.
Hysteroids consider themselves sociable, friendly and pleasant individuals. They really get along with people easily, they know how to adapt well and find a common language at first. At the beginning of a relationship they are often perceived as very charming. But then it becomes noticeable to most of the interlocutors that the actions of hysterical personalities are picturesque, their emotions are bright and exaggerated, but superficial.
When others discover their negative traits, they easily break ties and go off to look for new ones. And those who left are accused of misunderstanding, inconsistency, and that they were “inappropriate” or even inadequate people. Charm is gradually lost, and hysterics begin to be considered overly demanding and in need of support.
In an effort to achieve acceptance and approval, they tend to resort to tricks and often use manipulation. They may use tears, fainting, falls, various illnesses, scandals, intrigues, lies, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, etc. And if more subtle methods fail, they resort to coercion, blackmail, outbursts of irritation and threats of suicide.
The characteristic style of thinking of a hysteroid leads to several internal psychological distortions that Aaron Beck has identified. Since these people are quite impressionable, not prone to reflection and analysis, they are susceptible to dichotomous (“black and white”) thinking, react intensely and spontaneously, hastily drawing extremely negative or positive conclusions.
Because these individuals lack attention to detail and logic, they also tend to overgeneralize. Because of their preoccupation with external events, people of this type tend to value external events more than their internal experiences. This leads to avoidance of self-knowledge, which is a serious obstacle to adequate self-perception and quality interaction with others. Which, in turn, entails various problems in communication, both for their interlocutors and for themselves.
In the domestic medical environment There are expressions (tropes) that distinguish Homo hystericus into two types as an informal, unspoken and parascientific division: “hysterosis mimosa” and “hysterosis bitch”.
“Mimosa” appears to be weak and helpless, subtle and vulnerable, submissive and surrendering, while “bitch” is seen as strong and domineering, aggressive and insidious, seducing and punishing. “Mimosa” seduces with the desire to protect, “bitch” with the desire to achieve. In general, this is a phenomenologically accurate, although not entirely correct, designation of subgroups.
Two main lessons that can be learned as a master class from “mimosa hysteria.” First: if you don’t know anything about your partner, be silent and kind, give him the opportunity to speak and create a “projection screen.” Second: if your opponent is stronger than you or has greater resources of any order, help him believe in his global superiority over you and your helplessness. As a result of these two actions, the hysteric himself will tell about all his weaknesses and vulnerabilities, and will trustfully hand over all access keys for use.
Today, the concept of “bitch” has become almost synonymous with female success and assertive (confident) behavior. “Do you want to become the same – confident, strong, self-sufficient? Today we're teaching Real Bitch lessons!" – the headlines of websites and advertisements are full of them.
Dozens of popular books, hundreds of seminars, trainings and advisers on “how to become a real bitch” and manage “men and the world” have somewhat upended the usual interpretation of this term and concept.
In a figurative sense, a bitch is traditionally perceived as a scandalous, grumpy and wayward woman. But literally, according to Dahl’s dictionary, a bitch is the corpse of a dead animal, carrion, carrion. Which is very symbolic and even metaphorical, since, intentionally or not, it reflects the inanimate, artificial game of a strong personality of a deeply insecure person, trying with enormous effort to create an attractive virtual image.
Now in our society they are trying to position a strong, self-sufficient, intelligent, beautiful and self-loving woman, a skilled manipulator and master of seduction, as a “bitch”. The characteristics and advantages of “bitches” are attributed to a combination of impeccable female appearance with a cold, calculating mind and a male logical, cynical view of the world and attitude towards people.
She knows exactly what she wants and how she can achieve it. She has a clear plan and needs a man who will fit into it perfectly and help implement it. Such women have something to show, and they skillfully use it, turning their every step into a performance and an act of seduction.
A bitch usually uses her outward sexuality and initiative as a tool to manage relationships. However, hysterics become hostages of a carefully created image of success and independence with their own hands: an unusual role over a long distance is too difficult for them. As real relationships are formed, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the image - in direct proportion to their density and duration.
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